Physical Science
Kinetic energy can be distinguished from the various forms of potential energy.
Energy changes to and from each type can be tracked through physical or chemical interactions. The relationship between the temperature and the total energy of a system depends on the types, states and amounts of matter.
When two objects interact, each one exerts a force on the other than can cause energy to be transferred to and from the object.
A simple wave model has a repeating pattern with specific wavelength, frequency, and amplitude and mechanical waves need a medium through which they are transmitted. This model can explain many phenomena which include light and sound.
A wave model of light is useful to explain how light interacts with objects through a variety of properties.
Designed technologies can transmit digital information as wave pulses.
Life Science
Heredity explains why offspring resemble, but are not identical to, their parents and is a unifying biological principle. Heredity refers to specific mechanisms by which characteristics or traits are passed from one generation to the next via genes.
Genetic variations among individuals in a population give some individuals an advantage in surviving and reproducing in their environment.
Adaptation by natural selection acting over generations is one important process by which species change over time in response to changes in environmental conditions.
Earth and Space Science
Motion is predictable in both solar systems and galaxies.
The solar system contains many varied objects held together by gravity. Solar system models explain and predict eclipses, lunar phases, and seasons.
Complex interactions determine local weather patterns and influence climate, including the role of the ocean.
Human activities have altered the biosphere, sometimes damaging it, although changes to environments can have different impacts for different living things.
Human activities affect global warming. Decisions to reduce the impact of global warming depend on understanding climate science, engineering capabilities, and social dynamics.