Pigments
Provide the color and opacity (how well it covers).
Two types:
Prime pigments (like titanium dioxide) give strong color and hiding power.
Extender pigments (like clay, silica, or calcium carbonate) improve texture, durability, and cost efficiency.
Binders (Resins)
The “glue” that holds the paint together and sticks it to the surface.
Common types: Acrylic, vinyl, latex, alkyd (oil-based), polyurethane, epoxy.
Determines paint quality, durability, and if it’s water-based or oil-based.
Solvents (or Carriers)
Keep the paint liquid in the can and make it spreadable.
Evaporate as the paint dries, leaving behind pigment + binder.
Water-based (latex paint) uses water as the solvent.
Oil-based paint uses mineral spirits, turpentine, or other hydrocarbons.
Additives
Small amounts of chemicals that improve performance. Examples:
Mildewcides – resist mold/mildew growth
Thickeners – adjust consistency
Flow agents – help paint level out smoothly
UV stabilizers – prevent fading from sunlight