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Gough and Tunmer (1986) developed the Simple View of Reading. This graphic is a visual representation of their research. To achieve reading comprehension, a student must have strong word recognition (decoding) skills and strong language comprehension skills. A deficit in either factor will lead to a reduction in reading comprehension. The equation is multiplicative, not additive. For example if a person has excellent decoding (1.00), but very little language comprehension (.30), they will not achieve competent reading comprehension, as 1.00 x .30 = .30 In this way, no amount of strength in one set of skills can make up for a weakness in the other. Students need to be strong in both Word Recognition and Language Comprehension to be successful in reading.