McDonald's began with Dick and Mac McDonald launching their Speedee Service System in San Bernardino, CA. The success of their system led to the opportunity to franchise, which Ray Kroc, a distributor of a milkshake machine, took. He became the McDonald brothers' agent and eventually bought them out. Kroc would then bring McDonald's globally (McDonald's Corporation).
Kroc is credited with transforming "a hamburger, fries, and a shake into the quintessential American meal" through his use of "erected golden arches to guide hungry travelers, and... a kid-friendly clown" (Freeman, 2225).
Now, McDonald's is associated with "self-sufficiency, post-industrial stability, and democracy-formed capitalism" (Han).
"Early blueprints for signature McDonald’s Red and White restaurant with Speedee road sign." (McDonald's Corporation)
"McDonald’s in Fresno, California illustrating the transition from the Red and White—to its remodel—with the eventual opening of the Mansard design in the 1973." (McDonald's Corporate)
Since its origins, fast food in America has been marketed and targeted towards low-income areas and people of color, often leading to an increased risk of food-related illness in African American and Latino communities. Statistically, African Americans are at a higher risk of death from heart disease and cancer than White people. Latinos, compared to White people and African Americans, are more likely to have high blood pressure, obesity, tuberculosis, and diabetes. In her journal article, "Fast Food: Oppression through Poor Nutrition" in the California Law Review, Andrea Freeman notes, “Obesity affects African Americans and Latinos at a much higher rate than whites and is correlated with poverty rates.” (Freeman, 2229). While several factors play into these statistics, "targeted marketing, infiltration into schools, government subsidies, and federal food policy each play a significant role in denying inner-city people of color access to healthy food" (Freeman, 2221). Playing into this, fast food is commonly marketed towards children, ensuring that these companies create customer retention from a young age. In low-income neighborhoods, it is common to find an overpopulation of fast food options and minimal access to grocery stores or markets, as they have been pushed out or relocated to suburbs. Freeman states, “This migration, combined with lack of transportation to the suburbs and the higher prices charged by local convenience stores, has made fast food the dominant food source in many low-income, urban communities” (2227).
Resources
Freeman, Andrea. “Fast Food: Oppression through Poor Nutrition.” California Law Review, JSTOR, Dec. 2007, www.jstor.org/stable/20439143?mag=fast-and-pluribus-impacts-of-a-globalizing-mcdonalds&seq=13.
Han, Danielle. “Fast and Pluribus: Impacts of a Globalizing McDonald’s - JSTOR Daily.” JSTOR Daily, 27 Feb. 2023, daily.jstor.org/fast-and-pluribus-impacts-of-a-globalizing-mcdonalds/.
“McDonald’s History.” McDonald’s Corporation, corporate.mcdonalds.com/corpmcd/our-company/who-we-are/our-history.html. Accessed 23 Oct. 2025.