Study Sites

Coodinates: Jenipapo 13^o 15’05.09”S 49^o42’56.01W, elev 356 m / Volta do Rio 13º14’36.90”S 39^o 45’25.08”W, Ubaíra, Bahia, Brazil

Population investigated: Jenipapo 453; Volta do Rio 354

History: Both Jenipapo and Volta do Rio (aka Engenheiro França) grew up along, the train line E.F. Nazaré, which operated under various names from 1875-1967. The train line followed much of the Jiquiriçá River, so these communities formed (~1908) on both sides of the river and both sides of the track.

Characteristics: Both are administered by the city of Ubaíra. Both are between 8-12 km from towns of >10,000 and are 6 km from each other. Septic tanks are present in 40% of homes in Jenipapo and 80% in Volta do Rio, otherwise toilets flush to the river.

• http://www.estacoesferroviarias.com.br/ba_ilheus/engfranca.htm
• Elenildo Café de Jesus: Mudanças na paisagem física e social associadas à ferrovia E. F. de Nazaré no Vale do Jiquiriçá, Ilhéus, BA - UFSC, 2007

Activities: Population genetics of S. mansoni exposed to repeated treatments; antimicrobial resistance in humans, domestic animals, river, drinking water.

Timeline: 2009-2017

Current Projects: Proposed course site for “Water-security and social justice in Brazil-multidisciplinary and cross-cultural perspectives”

Coodinates:12º54’07.52”S, 38º28’28.36”W, elev 3 m, located in the Suburbio Ferroviária District of Salvador, Pirajá neighborhood, Bahia, Brazil at the entrance to the São Bartolomeu Park, junction of the Cobre River and Dique do Cabrito outlet.

Population Investigated: 1,225

History: The area was primarily small fishing settlements until the 1970”s when a major road was opened from the then more urban part of Salvador. The opening of the petrochemical complex in nearby Camaçari also made this a convenient area to settle. Piped water arrived in 1974.

• Avaliação Ambiental Estratégica do Projeto do riacho Mané Dendê 2016 Prefeitura Municipal do Salvador (http://fmlf.salvador.ba.gov.br/images/P1_DIAG_ESTRATEG.pdf)

Characteristics: Very dense, informal housing that surrounds the Cobre River outlet and a collection of mangrove. Prevalence of schistosomiasis ~20% 2011. Some of the area experiencing urban renewal and changing population.

Activities: Demographic and stool survey of ~10% of the population, geohelminth counts, S. mansoni genotyping

Timeline: Survey 1 2011, Survey 2 2014

Current Projects: Stool surveys of urban agricultural workers.

Coodinates : 12º54’42.61”S, 38º28’26.90”W, elev 55m, between the neighborhoods of Alto do Cabrito, Marechal Rondon, Boa Vista de São Caetano, Lobato and Campinas

Population investigated: 1267

History : The area was originally developed for light industry (Ricinus communis , castor seed oil) in the 1950’s for which the lake was formed as a resource. As the small manufacturing moved out, real estate development as well as informal occupation continued with the lake now forming a major destination for household sewage.

• Book-O Caminho das Águas https://www.passeidireto.com/arquivo/3409445/livro-caminho-das-aguas---salvador/2
• Indicadores da qualidade ambiental urbana a experiência do dique de campinas em salvador, bahia, by Moraes, LR, Pereira dos Santos, ME, Sampaio, RM https://repositorio.ufba.br/ri/bitstream/ri/3853/3/003.pdf

Characteristics : Two ends of the lake are separated by a recreation area. The lake is fed from underground springs. The northern end drains into the Cobre River and the southern to the Caramajipe River. The lakes are hypertrophic and overgrown with water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes aka Baronesa), and there is the odor of a sewer. Surrounding occupation is dense with informal construction, some churches and shops. The population makes contact primarily with the southern end of the lake, which tends to be open due to periodic removal of the hyacinths. Some children swim and there is fishing.

Activities: POC-CCA, demographic and stool surveys. Antimicrobial resistance in surface waters.

Timeline : Survey 1 2017-2018

Current Projects Completed year 1 survey. Return to the area uncertain due to difficult working conditions and low prevalence of schistosomiasis (<2%). Antibiotic resistance studies may continue.

SARAMANDAIA

Coodinates: 12^o58’20.66”S, 38^o28’05.34W, the community is northwest and adjacent to the municipal bus station and southeast of the Department of Traffic (DETRAN).

Population: To be defined.

History: The construction of the Department of Traffic building created the conditions for Saramandaia in the 1970’s. Soil from this construction was deposited in a nearby lake fed by underground spring and small streams. The empty solid ground was then invaded by people arriving from the rural areas to take advantage of job opportunities in Salvador. Little by little the residents campaigned to obtain basic city services such as piped water, a school and a health clinic. The name comes from a fictitious city and title of a telenovela aired in 1976. In 2017, the Municipal Department of Health identified a focus of S. mansoni transmission, particularly among agricultural workers. Of 43 workers, 70% were positive for S. mansoni by Kato-Katz examination.

Livro-O Caminho das Águas https://www.passeidireto.com/arquivo/3409445/livro-caminho-das-aguas---salvador/2

Characteristics: The center of the community is a depression ~40 meters below the surrounding hills. As in much of Salvador, socio-economic conditions improve as residents settle at higher elevation. Very narrow streets barely passible by one car and further into the community only foot paths occasionally cut by polluted streams. The major section of the gardens is being replaced by a plaza and some lots for new housing. Some of the springs are being covered, but streams leading into this area have many small Biomphalria that appear stunted and black but abundant.

Activities: Pilot study indicted a prevalence of 20% by Kato-Katz in non-garden workers. Simultaneous POC-CCA was also positive at 20%, but for different people.

Timeline: May 2018 - present

Current Projects: Longitudinal demographic and stool surveys to measure parasite response to repeated treatment.