All Publications

Publications listed in alphabetical order of author's last name

• Ackermann, D., E. L. Foldes, N. Bhadra and K. L. Kilgore (2009). "Electrode design for high frequency block: effect of bipolar separation on block thresholds and the onset response." Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2009: 654-657.

• Ackermann, D. M., N. Bhadra, M. Gerges and P. J. Thomas (2011). "Dynamics and sensitivity analysis of high-frequency conduction block." J Neural Eng 8(6): 065007.

• Ackermann, D. M., E. L. Foldes, N. Bhadra and K. L. Kilgore (2009). Effect of bipolar cuff electrode design on block thresholds in high-frequency electrical neural conduction block. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering. 17: 469-477.

• Ackermann, D. M., E. L. Foldes, N. Bhadra and K. L. Kilgore (2010). "Nerve conduction block using combined thermoelectric cooling and high frequency electrical stimulation." J Neurosci Methods 193(1): 72-76.

• Ackermann, D. M., Jr., N. Bhadra, E. L. Foldes and K. L. Kilgore (2011). "Conduction block of whole nerve without onset firing using combined high frequency and direct current." Med Biol Eng Comput 49(2): 241-251.

• Ackermann, D. M., Jr., N. Bhadra, E. L. Foldes and K. L. Kilgore (2011). "Separated interface nerve electrode prevents direct current induced nerve damage." J Neurosci Methods 201(1): 173-176.

• Ackermann, D. M., Jr., N. Bhadra, E. L. Foldes, X. F. Wang and K. L. Kilgore (2010). "Effect of nerve cuff electrode geometry on onset response firing in high-frequency nerve conduction block." IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 18(6): 658-665.

• Ackermann, D. M., Jr., C. Ethier, E. L. Foldes, E. R. Oby, D. Tyler, M. Bauman, N. Bhadra, L. Miller and K. L. Kilgore (2011). "Electrical conduction block in large nerves: high-frequency current delivery in the nonhuman primate." Muscle Nerve 43(6): 897-899.

• Ackermann, D. M., Jr., E. L. Foldes, N. Bhadra and K. L. Kilgore (2010). "Conduction block of peripheral nerve using high-frequency alternating currents delivered through an intrafascicular electrode." Muscle Nerve 41(1): 117-119.

• Bender, S., D. Green, J. Hadaya, S. Haridas, C. Chan, R. Challita, A. H. Dajani, J. Ardell and T. Vrabec (2025). "Closed-loop electrical block of vagus nerve scales from rodent to porcine cardiac models." J Neural Eng 22(3).

• Bender, S. A., D. B. Green, R. J. Daniels, S. P. Ganocy, N. Bhadra and T. L. Vrabec (2023). "Effects on heart rate from direct current block of the stimulated rat vagus nerve." J Neural Eng 20(1).

• Bender, S. A., D. B. Green, R. J. Daniels, K. L. Kilgore, N. Bhadra and T. L. Vrabec (2021). "Fuzzy Logic Control of Heartrate by Electrical Block of Vagus Nerve." Int IEEE EMBS Conf Neural Eng 2021: 1083-1086.

• Bender, S. A., D. B. Green, K. L. Kilgore, N. Bhadra, J. L. Ardell and T. L. Vrabec (2024). "Closed-Loop Multimodal Neuromodulation of Vagus Nerve for Control of Heart Rate." Proc Am Control Conf 2024: 4536-4541.

• Bhadra, N., N. Bhadra, K. Kilgore and K. J. Gustafson (2006). "High frequency electrical conduction block of the pudendal nerve." J Neural Eng 3(2): 180-187.

• Bhadra, N., E. Foldes, T. Vrabec, K. Kilgore and N. Bhadra (2018). "Temporary persistence of conduction block after prolonged kilohertz frequency alternating current on rat sciatic nerve." J Neural Eng 15(1): 016012.

• Bhadra, N., E. L. Foldes, D. Ackermann and K. L. Kilgore (2009). "Reduction of the onset response in high frequency nerve block with amplitude ramps from non-zero amplitudes." Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2009: 650-653.

• Bhadra, N., E. L. Foldes, M. R. Gerges, D. M. Ackermann, Jr., N. Bhadra and K. L. Kilgore (2020). "Counted cycles method to measure the block inception time of kiloHertz frequency mammalian motor nerve block." J Neurosci Methods 333(1872-678X (Electronic)): 108561.

• Bhadra, N. and K. L. Kilgore (2004). "Direct current electrical conduction block of peripheral nerve." IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 12(3): 313-324.

• Bhadra, N. and K. L. Kilgore (2004). "High-frequency nerve conduction block." Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2004: 4729-4732.

• Bhadra, N. and K. L. Kilgore (2005). "High-frequency electrical conduction block of mammalian peripheral motor nerve." Muscle Nerve 32(6): 782-790.

• Bhadra, N., E. A. Lahowetz, S. T. Foldes and K. L. Kilgore (2007). "Simulation of high-frequency sinusoidal electrical block of mammalian myelinated axons." J Comput Neurosci 22(3): 313-326.

• Bhadra, N. and T. Vrabec (2015). Electrodes for electrical conduction block of the peripheral nerve. Implantable Biomedical Microsystems. S. Bhunia, S. Majerus and M. Sawan, William Andrew: 215-229.

• Bhadra, N., T. Vrabec, N. Bhadra and K. L. Kilgore (2012). Response of peripheral nerve to high frequency alternating current (HFAC) nerve block applied for long durations. Neural Interface Conference, Salt Lake City, UTAH, USA.

• Bhadra, N., T. Vrabec, K. Kilgore and N. Bhadra (2019). "Activation of the sciatic nerve evoked during epidural spinal cord stimulation in rodents." Bioelectron Med (Lond) 2(2): 63-71.

• Bhadra, N., T. L. Vrabec, N. Bhadra and K. L. Kilgore (2018). "Reversible conduction block in peripheral nerve using electrical waveforms." Bioelectron Med (Lond) 1(1): 39-54.

• Boger, A., N. Bhadra and K. J. Gustafson (2008). "Bladder voiding by combined high frequency electrical pudendal nerve block and sacral root stimulation." Neurourol Urodyn 27(5): 435-439.

• Boger, A., N. Bhadra and K. J. Gustafson (2013). "Different clinical electrodes achieve similar electrical nerve conduction block." J Neural Eng 10(5): 056016.

• Boger, A. S., N. Bhadra and K. J. Gustafson (2012). "High frequency sacral root nerve block allows bladder voiding." Neurourol Urodyn 31(5): 677-682.

• Eggers, T., J. Kilgore, D. Green, T. Vrabec, K. Kilgore and N. Bhadra (2021). Combining direct current and kilohertz frequency alternating current to mitigate onset activity during electrical nerve block. Journal of Neural Engineering. 18: 046010.

• Eggers, T. E., D. B. Green, T. L. Vrabec, K. L. Kilgore and N. Bhadra (2021). Electrical block of peripheral nerves. Handbook of Neuroengineering, Springer: 1-34.

• Foldes, E. L., D. M. Ackermann, N. Bhadra and K. L. Kilgore (2009). Counted cycles method to quantify the onset response in high-frequency peripheral nerve block. Proceedings of the 31st Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society: Engineering the Future of Biomedicine, EMBC 2009, IEEE: 614-617.

• Foldes, E. L., D. M. Ackermann, N. Bhadra, K. L. Kilgore and N. Bhadra (2011). "Design, fabrication and evaluation of a conforming circumpolar peripheral nerve cuff electrode for acute experimental use." J Neurosci Methods 196(1): 31-37.

• Franke, M., N. Bhadra, N. Bhadra and K. Kilgore (2014). "Direct current contamination of kilohertz frequency alternating current waveforms." J Neurosci Methods 232: 74-83.

• Franke, M., N. Bhadra, N. Bhadra, K. Kilgore and K. Gustafson (2013). Chronic bladder control post SCI via Electric KHFAC Pudendal Nerve Block. IEEE EMBS Conference Neural Engineering. San Diego, CA.

• Franke, M., N. Bhadra and K. J. Gustafson (2012). Chronic bladder voiding after SCI using electric HFAC pudendal nerve block. Neural Interfaces Conference, Salt Lake CIty, Utah, USA.

• Franke, M., T. Vrabec, J. Wainright, N. Bhadra, N. Bhadra and K. Kilgore (2014). "Combined KHFAC + DC nerve block without onset or reduced nerve conductivity after block." J Neural Eng 11(5): 056012.

• Goh, A., D. Roberts, J. Wainright, N. Bhadra, K. Kilgore, N. Bhadra and T. Vrabec (2022). "Evaluation of Activated Carbon and Platinum Black as High-Capacitance Materials for Platinum Electrodes." Sensors (Basel) 22(11).

• Green, D. B., S. A. Bender, G. M. V. Acker Iii, H. E. Hill, K. L. Kilgore, N. Bhadra and T. L. Vrabec (2025). "Temporal properties of transcutaneous direct current motor conduction block." J Neural Eng 22(1).

• Green, D. B., J. A. Kilgore, S. A. Bender, R. J. Daniels, D. D. Gunzler, T. L. Vrabec and N. Bhadra (2022). "Effects of waveform shape and electrode material on KiloHertz frequency alternating current block of mammalian peripheral nerve." Bioelectron Med 8(1): 11.

• Hadaya, J., U. Buckley, N. Z. Gurel, C. A. Chan, M. A. Swid, N. Bhadra, T. L. Vrabec, J. D. Hoang, C. Smith, K. Shivkumar and J. L. Ardell (2022). Scalable and reversible axonal neuromodulation of the sympathetic chain for cardiac control. American Journal of Physiology - Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 322: H105-H115.

• Herring, N., O. A. Ajijola, R. D. Foreman, A. V. Gourine, A. L. Green, J. Osborn, D. J. Paterson, J. F. R. Paton, C. M. Ripplinger, C. Smith, T. L. Vrabec, H. J. Wang, I. H. Zucker and J. L. Ardell (2024). "Neurocardiology: translational advancements and potential." J Physiol.

• Kilgore, K. L. and N. Bhadra (2004). "Nerve conduction block utilising high-frequency alternating current." Med Biol Eng Comput 42(3): 394-406.

• Kilgore, K. L. and N. Bhadra (2006). "High frequency mammalian nerve conduction block: simulations and experiments." Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2006: 4971-4974.

• Kilgore, K. L. and N. Bhadra (2014). "Reversible nerve conduction block using kilohertz frequency alternating current." Neuromodulation 17(3): 242-254; discussion 254-245.

• Kilgore, K. L., E. A. Foldes, D. M. Ackermann and N. Bhadra (2009). "Combined direct current and high frequency nerve block for elimination of the onset response." Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2009: 197-199.

• Knutson, J. S., K. J. Chepla, R. D. Wilson, M. J. Fu, E. C. Imka, S. A. Bender, J. Chae, K. L. Kilgore and N. Bhadra (2025). "First-in-Human Demonstration of High-Frequency Electrical Motor Nerve Block: Case Report." Am J Phys Med Rehabil 104(3): e37-e40.

• Kumsa, D. W., N. Bhadra, E. M. Hudak, S. C. Kelley, D. F. Untereker and J. T. Mortimer (2016). Electron transfer processes occurring on platinum neural stimulating electrodes: A tutorial on the i(V e) profile. Journal of Neural Engineering. 13.

• Lahowetz, E. L. B. N. K. K. L. (2007). High frequency conduction block of sensory nerves. 12 th Annual conference of the International FUnctional Electical Stimulation Society. Philadelphia, PA, USA.

• Lin, E., K. L. Kilgore, N. Bhadra and E. A. Lahowetz (2007). Chronic High-Frequency Nerve Block with an Implanted Waveform Generator. International Functional Electrical Stimulation Society Conference, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

• Lothet, E. H., K. L. Kilgore, N. Bhadra, N. Bhadra, T. Vrabec, Y. T. Wang, E. D. Jansen, M. W. Jenkins and H. J. Chiel (2014). "Alternating current and infrared produce an onset-free reversible nerve block." Neurophotonics 1(1): 011010.

• Miles, J. D., K. L. Kilgore, N. Bhadra and E. A. Lahowetz (2007). "Effects of ramped amplitude waveforms on the onset response of high-frequency mammalian nerve block." J Neural Eng 4(4): 390-398.

• Page, D., L. Roldan, J. Ollerenshaw, P. Schorr, K. Kilgore, N. Bhadra, T. Vrabec and E. Schepis (2017). Blockade of the Nociceptive Flexion Reflex in Rat Peripheral Nerve Using Charge-Balanced Polarization Current. INS 13th World Congress:  Neuromodulation: Technology Changing Lives, Edinburgh, Scotland,UK.

• Roldan, L. M., T. E. Eggers, K. L. Kilgore, N. Bhadra, T. Vrabec and N. Bhadra (2019). "Measurement of block thresholds in kiloHertz frequency alternating current peripheral nerve block." J Neurosci Methods 315: 48-54.

• Van Acker, G. M., T. L. Vrabec, N. Bhadra, J. Chae and K. L. Kilgore (2018). Block of motor nerve conduction via transcutaneous application of direct current. Bioelectronics in Medicine, Future Medicine. 1: 107-116.

• Vrabec, T. (2024). Temporal properties of transcutaneous direct current motor conduction block, Harvard Dataverse.

• Vrabec, T., S. Bender, S. A. Chan, S. Cha, S. Haridas, P. Hanna, O. A. Ajijola, K. Shivkumar, C. Smith and J. L. Ardell (2024). "Bioelectronic block of stellate ganglia mitigates pacing-induced heterogeneous release of catecholamine and neuropeptide Y in the infarcted pig heart." J Physiol n/a(n/a).

• Vrabec, T., N. Bhadra, G. Van Acker, N. Bhadra and K. Kilgore (2017). "Continuous Direct Current Nerve Block Using Multi Contact High Capacitance Electrodes." IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 25(6): 517-529.

• Vrabec, T., N. Bhadra, J. Wainright, N. Bhadra, M. Franke and K. Kilgore (2016). "Characterization of high capacitance electrodes for the application of direct current electrical nerve block." Med Biol Eng Comput 54(1): 191-203.

• Vrabec, T., J. Wainright, N. Bhadra, N. Bhadra and K. Kilgore (2013). "Use of High Surface Area Electrodes for Safe Delivery of Direct Current for Nerve Conduction Block." ECS Trans 50(28): 31-37.

• Vrabec, T. L., N. Bhadra, J. S. Wainright, N. Bhadra and K. L. Kilgore (2013). "A Novel Waveform for No-Onset Nerve Block Combining Direct Current and Kilohertz Frequency Alternating Current." Int IEEE EMBS Conf Neural Eng 2013: 283-286.

• Vrabec, T. L., T. E. Eggers, E. L. Foldes, D. M. Ackermann, K. L. Kilgore and N. Bhadra (2019). "Reduction of the onset response in kilohertz frequency alternating current nerve block with amplitude ramps from non-zero amplitudes." J Neuroeng Rehabil 16(1): 80.

• Vrabec, T. L., K. L. Kilgore, J. S. Wainright and N. Bhadra (2019). Accelerated Recovery of DC Blocking Using Repolarization. 2019 9th International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering (NER).

• Vrabec, T. L., J. S. Wainright, N. Bhadra, L. Shaw, K. L. Kilgore and N. Bhadra (2019). A carbon slurry separated interface nerve electrode for electrical block of nerve conduction. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, IEEE. 27: 836-845.