Below a certain temperature, resistance abruptly drops to zero if the material is a superconductor
Below a certain temperature, resistance abruptly drops to zero if the material is a superconductor
The absence of resistance is a defining feature in superconductors. Zero resistance arises when a material is cooled to below its transition temperature. Typically, resistance causes energy loss, but this loss does not occur in superconductors.
The Meissner Effect is another notable feature in superconductors. It describes how superconductors exclude magnetic fields from their interiors and repel external applied magnetic fields. The Meissner allows for perfect diamagnetism. In type 2 superconductors, there is a mixed state Meissner Effect as opposed to no magnetic fields (see "Type of Superconductors"), which allows them to withstand higher magnetic fields without loss of superconductivity. The Meissner Effect is what gives rise to magnetic levitation because when an external magnetic field is brought near, it induces supercurrents which create an opposing magnetic force. Magnetic levitation has been exploited in certain applications of superconductors.Â
Other Properties
Superconductors have a very low energy gap of about 10^-4 eV. In superconductors, the energy gap describes the amount of energy needed to break up the system of Cooper pairs as opposed to the distance between the valence and conduction band, and Cooper pairs exist below the energy gap. Because the energy gap is so small, heat energy can easily break up Cooper pairs. This results in a property called critical temperature above which superconductivity is lost. There is also a critical magnetic field which, if exceeded, will terminate the superconducting state.