Works Cited

Entrance Page

• Home Page Header: https://www.livescience.com/22869-machu-picchu.html 

• Logo Picture: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pachacuti-Inca-Yupanqui 

• Image #1:  https://www.theproductiveteacher.com/the-inca-empire-for-unit-1-of-ap-world-history#google_vignette 

• Image #2: https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/quechua-people.html 

• Image 3: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chu%C3%B1o 

• Image 4: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quipu 

• Image 5: https://phys.org/news/2013-06-dozens-mummies-pre-inca-royal-tomb.html 

• Image 6: https://blog.incarail.com/inca-terrace-farming/ 

• Image #7: https://hcmysteries.wordpress.com/2019/01/09/background-the-inca-empire/ 

• Image 8: https://www.tourinperu.com/blog/the-industrial-technology-of-the-incas 

• Merriman, Carol p. “Social Studies Curriculum Machu Picchu: Unveiling the Mystery of the Incas.” Machu Picchu: Unveiling the Mystery of the Incas, Department of Public Education Peabody Museum of Natural History Yale University, peabody.yale.edu/sites/default/files/documents/public-education/13%20machu%20picchu.pdf. Accessed 5 Dec. 2025.

• “A Microscopic Map into the Past.” The Current, news.ucsb.edu/2021/020140/microscopic-map-past. Accessed 5 Dec. 2025.

• Birtles, Katie. “The Fascinating History behind Peru’s Humble Potato.” Real Word, 30 Apr. 2024, www.trafalgar.com/real-word/peruvian-potatoes/#:~:text=The%20Incas%20discover%20the%20potato,3%2C800%20metres%20above%20sea%20level. Accessed 5 Dec. 2025.

• “Https://Www.Sciencedirect.Com/Science/Article/Abs/Pii/S1047847720300046?Via=ihub.” Changes in Phenolic Antioxidants during Chuño Production (Traditional Andean Freeze and Sun-Dried Potato), www.med.upenn.edu/pmi/events/https-www-sciencedirect-com-science-article-abs-pii-s1047847720300046-via-3dihub. Accessed 5 Dec. 2025.

• “(PDF) Chuño and Tunta ; the Traditional Andean Sun-Dried Potatoes.” Chuño and Tunta ; the Traditional Andean Sun-Dried Potatoes., www.researchgate.net/publication/236577348_Chuno_and_Tunta_the_traditional_Andean_sun-dried_Potatoes. Accessed 5 Dec. 2025.

• Pictures

• #1  https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/11/world/what-in-the-world/andes-incas-chuno.html 

• #2 https://www.zmescience.com/science/domestic-science/chuno-taters/ 

• #3 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andes 

• #4 https://www.batimes.com.ar/news/latin-america/chuno-the-andean-secret-to-making-potatoes-last-decades.phtml

• #5 https://www.tastingtable.com/1000464/chuno-the-ancient-south-american-potato-staple-you-should-know/ 

• Christensen, Antje. “The Incan Quipus.” Synthese, vol. 133, no. 1/2, 2002, pp. 159–72. JSTOR, /www.jstor.org/stable/20117299?searchText=incan+quipus&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dincan%2Bquipus%26so%3Drel&ab_segments=0%2Fspellcheck_basic_search%2Fcontrol&refreqid=fastly-default%3Aab139966d0eaa67dcb0400f4f8fd3a6d&seq=1 Accessed 16 Oct. 2025. 

• Fiveash, Julie “Long Before the W-2, There Was the Quipu: Accounting System of the Incan and Andean Peoples” Harvard Library https://library.harvard.edu/about/news/2023-04-12/long-w-2-there-was-quipu-accounting-systems-incan-and-andean-peoples . Accessed 16 Oct 2025.

• Mann, Charles C. “Cracking the Khipu Code.” Science, vol. 300, no. 5626, 2003, pp. 1650–51. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3834553. Accessed 16 Oct. 2025.

• Yeakel, John A. “THE ACCOUNTANT-HISTORIANS OF THE INCAS.” The Accounting Historians Journal, vol. 10, no. 2, 1983, pp. 39–51. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/40697778 .  Accessed 16 Oct. 2025.

• Zepp, Raymond A. “NUMBERS AND CODES IN ANCIENT PERU: THE QUIPU.” The Arithmetic Teacher, vol. 39, no. 9, 1992, pp. 42–44. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/41195349. Accessed 17 Nov. 2025.

Pictures

• #1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quipu 

• #2. https://trexperienceperu.com/blog/quipu

• #3. https://www.thecollector.com/inca-empire-record-information-quipu/  

• #4. https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/objects/46687 

• #5. https://peru.info/en-us/talent/blogperu/6/24/quipu--discover-the-mysteries-of-the-inca-method-of-recording-information 

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0043824042000192632 

https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/peru/mummies/ 

https://exarc.net/issue-2018-2/ea/comparing-mummification-processes-egyptian-inca 

https://www.worldhistory.org/article/699/inca-mummies/ 

1. Deng, Chuxiong, et al. “Advantages and Disadvantages of Terracing: A Comprehensive Review.” International Soil and Water Conservation Research, vol. 9, no. 3, Sept. 2021, pp. 344–359, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095633921000228, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2021.03.002.

2. Ronda, Gonzalo, et al. “Linking Inca Terraces with Landslide Occurrence in the Ticsani Valley, Peru.” Geosciences, vol. 14, no. 11, 18 Nov. 2024, p. 315, www.researchgate.net/publication/385931101_Linking_Inca_Terraces_with_Landslide_Occurrence_in_the_Ticsani_Valley_Peru, https://doi.org/10.3390/geosciences14110315.

3. ‌“Terracing.” Maine Organic Farmers and Gardeners, www.mofga.org/resources/water-management/terracing/.

4. “The Oxford Handbook of the Incas.” Google Books, 2018, books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=-6NTDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA227&dq=inca+soil&ots=5_nF_DzxA5&sig=YSODSyjxXv3M23lOr_bpH2qhH-0#v=onepage&q=inca%20soil&f=false.

Pictures

1. https://pl.khanacademy.org/humanities/ap-art-history/indigenous-americas-apah/south-america-apah/a/machu-picchu

2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inca_agriculture

3. https://vocal.media/history/what-was-the-inca-terrace-agriculture

4. https://www.treehugger.com/examples-terrace-farming-around-world-4869737

5. https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20211212-the-innovative-technology-that-powered-the-inca

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1. “Incan Brain Surgery: An Analysis of Ancient Neurosurgery.” History Is Now Magazine, Podcasts, Blog and Books | Modern International and American History, www.historyisnowmagazine.com/blog/2021/11/19/incan-brain-surgery-an-analysis-of-ancient-neurosurgery.   Access Date Oct 15 2025

2. Daley, Jason. “Inca Skull Surgeons Had Better Success Rates than American Civil War Doctors.” Smithsonian Magazine, 13 June 2018, www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/inca-head-crackers-had-better-success-rates-civil-war-surgeons-180969324/.   Access Date Oct 17 2025

3.    Smith, Kiona N. “Ancient Peruvian Was Buried with Tools for Cranial Surgery.” Ars Technica, 13 Apr. 2022, arstechnica.com/science/2022/04/ancient-peruvian-was-buried-with-tools-for-cranial-surgery/                 Access Date Oct 15 2025

4.  Wade, Lizzie. “South America’s Inca Civilization Was Better at Skull Surgery than Civil War Doctors.” Www.science.org, 8 June 2018, www.science.org/content/article/south-america-s-inca-civilization-was-better-skull-surgery-civil-war-doctors.   Access Date Oct 19 2025

5. Mariana. “Natural Medicine & Healing Knowledge of the Incas | Blog.” Inca Medicine School,  2 July 2024, incamedicineschool.com/blog/natural-medicine-healing-knowledge-of-the-incas/.                                               Access Date Oct 18 2025

Pictures

1. Picture 1-“Inca Medicine School | Paqo Shamans Healing Association.” Inca Medicine School, 5 Nov. 2024, incamedicineschool.com/. Accessed 18 Oct. 2025.

2. Picture 2- “Redirect Notice.” Google.com, 2018, www.google.com/url?q=%3A%2F%2Ffourdirectionswellness.com%2F2018%2F12%2F18%2Fincas-ancient-medicine%2F&sa=D. Accessed 20 Oct. 2025.

3. Picture 3- “Redirect Notice.” Google.com, 2025, www.google.com/url?q=%3A%2F%2Fwww.ticketmachupicchu.com%2Fmedicine-incas%2F&sa=D.   Accessed 16 Oct. 2025.