Works Cited

Homepage sources:

1.Pruitt, Sarah. “How the Ancient Greeks Designed the Parthenon to Impress—and Last | HISTORY.” HISTORY, 16 July 2019, www.history.com/articles/parthenon-acropolis-ancient-greece-engineering.

      2. ‌Britannica. “Colosseum | Facts & Definition.” Encyclopædia Britannica, 25 Nov. 2024, www.britannica.com/topic/Colosseum.

      3. Khan Academy. www.khanacademy.org/humanities/world-history/ancient-medieval/classical-greece/a/greek-culture.

      4. “City States.” Ancient Greece, drewancientgreece.weebly.com/city-states.html.

      5.  Dragana Radović. “Greek Mythology and Gods - Diplomacy&Commerce.” Diplomacy&Commerce, Dragana Radovic, 8 Nov. 2020, www.diplomacyandcommerce.rs/greek-mythology-and-gods/. Accessed 20 Nov. 2025.

  6. Cartwright, Mark. “Delian League.” World History Encyclopedia, https://www.worldhistory.org#organization, 4 Mar. 2016, www.worldhistory.org/Delian_League/#:~:text=The%20Delian%20League%20(or%20Athenian,BCE%20the%20League%20was%20dissolved.

  7, The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. Battle of Chaeronea | History, Interpretations, & Facts | Britannica, www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Chaeronea. Accessed 3 Dec. 2025.

          8. Delian League - Alchetron, the Free Social Encyclopedia. Alchetron.com. (2024, September 30). https://alchetron.com/Delian-League

         9. Herald, Greek. “On This Day: Philip II of Macedon’S Army Claims Victory at the Battle of Chaeronea.” The Greek Herald, 2 Aug. 2021, greekherald.com.au/culture/history/this-day-philip-ii-macedons-army-claims-victory-battle-chaeronea.

Greek. “Greek City States Map Hi-Res Stock Photography and Images - Alamy.” Www.google.com, 2024, share.google/ztW0OdVsMqs7UA1ys. Accessed 5 Dec. 2025.

‌

Timeline Sources:

BBC. 2014. “BBC Radio 4 - in Our Time, the Battle of Salamis - What the Battle of Salamis Teaches Us about Identity.” BBC. June 14, 2014. https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/1QyTYSmB8y31N2wbGYwBB1t/what-the-battle-of-salamis-teaches-us-about-identity. 

Geogrpahic, National. 2022. “Betrayal Crushed Sparta’s Last Stand at the Battle of Thermopylae.” History. January 27, 2022. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/history-magazine/article/betrayal-crushed-spartas-last-stand-at-the-battle-of-thermopylae 

Coinage, Roman. “The Influence of Ancient Greek Coins on Ancient Roman Coinage.” Www.google.com, 2024, share.google/bv2nE4S0LqhPiWa1V. Accessed 5 Dec. 2025.

Britannica. “Athens 1896 Olympic Games.” Encyclopædia Britannica, 30 Mar. 2019, www.britannica.com/event/Athens-1896-Olympic-Games.

“Trojan War.” Greek Myths & Greek Mythology, 30 July 2009, www.greekmyths-greekmythology.com/trojan-war-myth/#google_vignette. Accessed 5 Dec. 2025.

Wilkes, Jonny. “The Peloponnesian War: Athens Fights Sparta for Dominance in Ancient Greece.” HistoryExtra, 12 Feb. 2021, www.historyextra.com/period/ancient-greece/peloponnesian-war-facts-guide-athens-when-fought-who-won/.

Robertson, Donald. “David Fideler: A Short History of Plato’s Academy.” Plato’s Academy Centre, 7 June 2021, platosacademy.org/a-short-history-of-platos-academy/.

“10 Facts about the Battle of Marathon.” History Hit, www.historyhit.com/facts-about-the-battle-of-marathon/.

Horgan, John. “The Plague at Athens, 430-427 BCE.” World History Encyclopedia, 24 Aug. 2016, www.worldhistory.org/article/939/the-plague-at-athens-430-427-bce/.

‌Hale, Charlotte, and Silvia A Centeno. “The Death of Socrates: New Discoveries.” The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 5 May 2022, www.metmuseum.org/perspectives/the-death-of-socrates-new-discoveries.

Geometry:
1: Karasmanis, Vassilis. “On the First Greek Mathematical Proof.” Hermathena, no. 169, 2000, pp. 7–21. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/23041319. Accessed 30 Oct. 2025.

2: Lightner, James E. “MATHEMATICS DIDN’T JUST HAPPEN.” The Mathematics Teacher, vol. 94, no. 9, 2001, pp. 780–84. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/20870878. Accessed 30 Oct. 2025.

3: Catton, Philip, and Clemency Montelle. “To Diagram, to Demonstrate: To Do, To See, and To Judge in Greek Geometry†.” Philosophia Mathematica 20, no. 1 (February 1, 2012): 25–57. doi:10.1093/philmat/nkr037.

4: Blåsjö, Viktor. 2022. “Operationalism: An Interpretation of the Philosophy of Ancient Greek Geometry.” Foundations of Science 27 (2): 587–708. doi:10.1007/s10699-021-09791-4.

5: Britannica Educational Publishing, and Michael Anderson. Ancient Greece. 1st ed. New York, NY: Britannica Educational Publishing, 2012. https://research.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=16708c0a-c3cd-3933-b3ef-083f721e1849.

Image 1: Christian Marinus Taisbak. “Euclid | Biography, Contributions, & Facts.” Encyclopædia Britannica, 8 Feb. 2019, www.britannica.com/biography/Euclid-Greek-mathematician.

Image 2: Joe, Shelby, and Piqosity. “ISEE Math Review - Geometric Notation.” Piqosity - Adaptive Learning & Student Management App, 22 July 2022, www.piqosity.com/2017/05/03/isee-math-review-geometric-notation/.

Image 3: Davidson, Lucy. “How the Parthenon Has Changed through the Ages.” History Hit, 17 May 2021, www.historyhit.com/locations/the-parthenon/.

Greek Alphabet works cited

1. Pictures -

2. Wikipedia contributors. “History of the Greek Alphabet.” Wikipedia, 7 Mar. 2025, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet. Image#1

3. Etruscans. earlyworldhistory.blogspot.com/2012/03/etruscans.html. Image#2

4. FreeTransform. FreeTransform. www.gettyimages.com/photos/ancient-greek-alphabet. Image#3

5. Gill, N. S. “What Are the Letters of the Greek Alphabet?” ThoughtCo, 20 Feb. 2020, www.thoughtco.com/letters-of-greek-alphabet-118638. Image#4

6. “Society.” Ancient Greek, ancientgreekwebsite.weebly.com/society.html. Image#5

7.  Outline Citations -

8. Powell, Barry B. “Why Was the Greek Alphabet Invented? The Epigraphical Evidence.” Classical Antiquity, vol. 8, no. 2, 1989, pp. 321–50. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/25010912. Accessed 17 Oct. 2025.

9. Cook, R. M., and A. G. Woodhead. “The Diffusion of the Greek Alphabet.” American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 63, no. 2, 1959, pp. 175–78. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/501755. Accessed 17 Oct. 2025.

10. Powell, Eric A. “When the Ancient Greeks Began to Write.” Archaeology, vol. 70, no. 3, 2017, pp. 44–49. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/26348926. Accessed 17 Oct. 2025.

11. Carpenter, Rhys. “The Antiquity of the Greek Alphabet.” American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 37, no. 1, 1933, pp. 8–29. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/498037. Accessed 20 Oct. 2025.

12. Carpenter, Rhys. “The Greek Alphabet Again.” American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 42, no. 1, 1938, pp. 58–69. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/498828. Accessed 23 Oct. 2025.

13. Einarson, Benedict. “Notes on the Development of the Greek Alphabet.” Classical Philology, vol. 62, no. 1, 1967, pp. 1–24. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/267842. Accessed 26 Oct. 2025.

14. Blake, Frank R. “The Development of Symbols for the Vowels in the Alphabets Derived from the Phoenician.” Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 60, no. 3, 1940, pp. 391–413. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/594425. Accessed 26 Oct. 2025.

15. Ullman, B. L. “The Origin and Development of the Alphabet.” American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 31, no. 3, 1927, pp. 311–28. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/497822. Accessed 26 Oct. 2025.

16. Naveh, Joseph. “Some Semitic Epigraphical Considerations on the Antiquity of the Greek Alphabet.” American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 77, no. 1, 1973, pp. 1–8. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/503227. Accessed 26 Oct. 2025.

17. Anson, Edward M. “Greek Ethnicity and the Greek Language.” Glotta, vol. 85, 2009, pp. 5–30. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/20788284. Accessed 26 Oct. 2025.

‌

Theater works cited:

Free, K. B. (1981). Greek Drama and the Kutiyattam. Theatre Journal, 33(1), 80. https://doi.org/10.2307/3207490

McDonald, M., & Walton, M. (2007). The Cambridge companion to Greek and Roman theatre. Cambridge University Press.

Qureshi, Z. (2024). Theatrical traditions in Ancient Greece: From tragedy to satire. Journal of Religious, Literary and Cultural Studies, 1(1). 

Walker, S. F. (2004). The Invention of Theater: Recontextualizing the vexing question. Comparative Literature, 56(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.2307/4122284

Image Sources:

Image 1- Wikipedia contributors. 2025. “Sophocles.” Wikipedia. October 5, 2025. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophocles.

Image 2- Sailoil. 2025. “Greek Theater Masks.” Mindship. April 18, 2025. https://donalclancy.wordpress.com/2025/04/18/greek-theater-masks/.

Lever, Pulley, Screw works cited: 

Hakim, Joy. “THE STORY OF SCIENCE: Aristotle Leads the Way.” The Science Teacher, vol. 71, no. 9, 2004. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/24155572. Accessed 30 Oct. 2025.

            Pisano, Raffaele, and Paolo Bussotti. “Historical and Epistemological Reflections on the Culture of Machines around the Renaissance: Machines, Machineries and Perpetual Motion.” Acta Baltica Historiae et Philosophiae Scientiarum, vol. 3, no. 1, 20 June 2015, pp. 69–87, https://doi.org/10.11590/abhps.2015.1.04. Accessed 11 June 2019.

Image Sources:

Image 1- Biello, David. 2006. “Fact or Fiction?: Archimedes Coined the Term ‘Eureka!’ in the Bath.” Scientific American. December 8, 2006. https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/fact-or-fiction-archimede/.

Image 2- Smith, Amanda. 2014. “How Archimedes Shaped the Modern World of Pumps | Latest News | Flowtech Water Solutions.” Flowtech Water Solutions. June 26, 2014. https://www.flowtech.org.uk/latest-news/how-archimedes-shaped-the-modern-world-of-pumps.

Image 3- McRoberts, Sam. 2015. “The Power of Levers - Screw the Zoo.” Screw the Zoo. March 11, 2015. https://screwthezoo.com/the-power-of-levers/.

Image 4- Hughes, Robert. 2017. “Do It like Archimedes. Work Smart. Not Hard. -.” Blog. November 1, 2017. https://www.eurovps.com/blog/archimedes/.

Image 5- Gateway, Texas. 2024. “9.2 the Second Condition for Equilibrium | Texas Gateway.” Texasgateway.org. 2024. https://texasgateway.org/resource/92-second-condition-equilibrium.

Image 6-TERRY/SCIENCE, SHEILA. 2024. “Legend of Archimedes and the Lever - Stock Image - H401/0293.” Science Photo Library. 2024. https://www.sciencephoto.com/media/223237/view/legend-of-archimedes-and-the-lever.

Image 7-The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. 2014. “Archimedes Screw | Technology.” In Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/technology/Archimedes-screw.

Catapults work cited:

The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. “Catapult | Military Weaponry.” Encyclopædia Britannica, 5 Aug. 2016, www.britannica.com/technology/catapult-military-weaponry.

Soedel, Werner, and Vernard Foley. “Ancient Catapults.” Scientific American, vol. 240, no. 3, 1979, pp. 150–61. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/24965158. Accessed 24 Oct. 2025.

Forge, J. (2013). The Development of Projectile Weapons: Ancient Catapults. In: Designed to Kill: The Case Against Weapons Research. Research Ethics Forum, vol 1. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5736-3_

Soedel, Werner, and Vernard Foley. “Ancient Catapults.” Scientific American, vol. 240, no. 3, 1979, pp. 150–61. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/24965158. Accessed 24 Oct. 2025.

Boston, Greek. “Ancient Greeks Invented the Catapult.” Www.greekboston.com, 19 Jan. 2021, www.greekboston.com/culture/ancient-history/catapult/.

‌dhwty. “An Ancient Greek Machine Gun? The Innovative Catapult of Dionysius.” Ancient Origins, Ancient Origins, 2 Mar. 2017, www.ancient-origins.net/artifacts-ancient-technology/ancient-greek-machine-gun-innovative-catapult-dionysius-007639.

‌Leigh, Lex. “Top 5 Ancient Greek Inventions We Still Use Today.” Ancient Origins Reconstructing the Story of Humanity’s Past, 28 Mar. 2023, www.ancient-origins.net/artifacts-ancient-technology/greek-inventions-0018143.

Biscontini, Tyler. “Catapult | EBSCO.” EBSCO Information Services, Inc. | Www.ebsco.com, 2023, www.ebsco.com/research-starters/military-history-and-science/catapult.

Image 1-Interwiki. “Catapult.” Inheriwiki, 2019, inheritance.fandom.com/wiki/Catapult. 

Image 2-Brewminate. “Ancient and Medieval Catapults.” Brewminate: A Bold Blend of News and Ideas, 23 Nov. 2021, brewminate.com/ancient-and-medieval-catapults/. 

Image 3-Fun!, Author Science Made. “MEDIEVAL ENGINEERS: THE SCIENCE behind the CATAPULT.” Medieval Engineers, 25 Aug. 2014, sciencemadefun.net/blog/medieval-engineers-the-science-behind-the-catapult/.

Image 4-Koszyk, Benjamin. “The Torsion Catapult.” Editions.covecollective.org, 12 May 2019, editions.covecollective.org/chronologies/torsion-catapult.

Direct Democracy:

Works Cited

Tridimas, George. “Cleisthenes’ Choice: The Emergence of Direct Democracy in Ancient Athens.” The Journal of Economic Asymmetries, vol. 8, no. 1, June 2011, pp. 39–59, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeca.2011.01.002.

‌Romeo, Nick. “What Modern Democracies Didn’t Copy from Ancient Greece.” History, 4 Nov. 2016, www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/greek-ancient-origins-modern-politics.

Lape, Susan. “Solon and the Institution of the “Democratic” Family Form.” The Classical Journal, vol. 98, no. 2, 2002, pp. 117–139, www.jstor.org/stable/3298017.

‌“Democracy’s Beginning.” Google Books, 2020, books.google.com/books?id=PXWhCgAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&dq=beginning%20of%20democracy%20athens&lr&pg=PA193#v=onepage&q&f=false

“Aspects of Athenian Democracy.” Google Books, 2023, books.google.com/books?id=d2LhEAAAQBAJ&lpg=PA1&dq=athens%20democracy&lr&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q=athens%20democracy&f=false. Accessed 27 Oct. 2025.

Image 4: Middleton, Neil. “The Thirty Tyrants of Athens: Oligarchy vs Democracy.” TheCollector, 25 Apr. 2025,     www.thecollector.com/thirty-tyrants-athens-oligarchy-democracy/.

Image 1: “Every Cook Can Govern: A Study in Democracy in Ancient Greece; Its Meaning for Today | Libcom.org.” Libcom.org, libcom.org/article/every-cook-can-govern-study-democracy-ancient-greece-its-meaning-today.

Image 6: Romeo, Nick. “What Modern Democracies Didn’t Copy from Ancient Greece.” History, 4 Nov. 2016, www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/greek-ancient-origins-modern-politics.

“How Democracy Helped Solve Ancient Greek Problems.” ThoughtCo, 2019, www.thoughtco.com/democracy-then-and-now-111997.

“Ancient Greece.” HISTORY, 21 Aug. 2018, www.history.com/topics/ancient-greece.

Image 9: “Your Guide to the History of Democracy.” HistoryExtra, 30 Oct. 2020, www.historyextra.com/period/ancient-greece/what-is-democracy-definition-history-facts-solon-peisistratos-ekklesia/.

Image 2: Democracy Has “Old” Roots, but They Go beyond Those of Ancient Greece – Lifestyle Democracy. www.lifestyledemocracy.com/democracy-has-old-roots-but-they-go-beyond-those-of-ancient-greece/.

Image 3: “Http://Www.freespeechhistory.com/Timeline-2/.” Free Speech History, www.freespeechhistory.com/timeline-2/.