A worker’s health is influenced by two factors:
External Factors: things that workers bring with them to the workplace, such as family circumstances, health practices, beliefs, attitudes, and values.
Internal Factors: what the workplace does to employees once they are there, such as organization of work in both the physical and mental sense.
Job stress is “the harmful physical and emotional responses that occur when requirements of the job do not match the capabilities, resources or needs of the worker" (National Institute of Occupational Safety & Health).
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC) are the main regulatory organizations for ensuring workplace health and safety.
Types of Job Stress:
Job characteristics: excessive workload, lack of control, lack of physical mobility
Organizational factors: lack of communication, lack of training, lack of job mobility, lack of supervision, unpredictable shifts, etc.
Interpersonal Relationships: difficulties with supervisors/colleagues, bullying, harassment, disrespectful behavior, etc.
Physical hazards: fatigue, heavy lifting, bad ergonomics, handling sharps, poor lighting, slippery floors, violence/assault risk, etc.
Scientific studies have shown a causal relationship between job strain and poor health and safety outcomes such as cardiovascular disease, musculoskeletal disorders, depression, anxiety, workplace injuries, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, high cortisol (stress) hormones, depressed immune response, and changes in eating habits. (Belkic KL, Landsbergis PA, Schnall PL, Baker D. (2004)
Alarmingly, employees who experience high job stress are less likely to participate in workplace health promotion programs, which are designed to protect employees and ensure their health and safety.