Adams, Cassandra. Freedom Gon' Come. Interrupted Life, p. 326-27
Adamson, Christopher. Punishment after Slavery. Social Problems, Vol 30, No.5. Oxford Journals. 1983.
Adler, Jeffrey. Less Crime, More Punishment: Violence, Race, and Criminal Justice in Early Twentieth-
Century America.The Journal of American History, 2015.
Chavez-Garcia, Miroslava. Youth of Color. The Journal of American History, 2015
Davis, Angela. Are Prisons Obsolete?. Seven Stories Press, 2003.
Dow, Mark. American Gulag. University of California Press, 2004.
Gross, Kali Nicole. African American Women, Mass Incarceration, and the Politics of Protection. The
Journal of American History, 2015.
Hernández, Kelly, Muhammad, Khalil ,and Thompson, Heather. Introduction: Constructing the Carceral
State. The Journal of American History, 2015.
Hester, Torrie. Deportability and the Carceral State. The Journal of American History, 2015.
Hinton, Elizabeth. A War within Our Own Boundaries: Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society and the Rise of the
Carceral State. The Journal of American History, 2015.
Knepper, Paul. Converting Idle Labor into Substantial Wealth. The Journal of Arizona History Vol 31, No. 1,
1990.
Kohler-Hausmann, Julilly. Guns and Butter: The Welfare state, the Carceral State, and the Politics of
Exclusion in the Postwar United States. The Journal of American History, 2015.
Lassiter, Matthew. Impossible Criminals: The Suburban Imperatives of America’s War on Drugs.The Journal
of American History, 2015.
Litchenstein, Alex. Good Roads and Chain Gangs in the Progressive South.The Journal of Southern History
Vol 59, No.1. 1993.
Litchenstein, Alex. Flocatex and the Fiscal Limits of Mass Incarceration: Toward a New Political Economy
of the Postwar Carceral State. The Journal of American History, 2015.
Smith, Caleb. The Life and Adventures of a Haunted Convict. Random House, 2016.
www.crimemuseum.org/crime-library/history-of-imprisonment/
www.journalistsresource.org/studies/government/criminal-justice
www.nap.edu/read/18613/chapter/6#107
www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive