FAIR USE AND COPYRIGHT + MLA & APA FORMATTING
Fair Use & Copyright
What is Fair Use? "Fair use" is the right of the public to make reasonable use of copyrighted material in special circumstances without the Copyright Owner's Permission. The United States Copyright Act recognizes that fair use of a copyrighted work may be used for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, or research.
Did you know that whenever you write a poem or story or even a paper for your class, or a drawing or other artwork, you automatically own the copyright to it. Copyright is a form of protection given to the authors or creators of "original works of authorship," including literary, dramatic, musical, artistic and other intellectual works. What that means is that, as the author of the work, you alone have the right to do any of the following or to let others do any of the following:
- Make copies of your work
- Distribute copies of your work
- Perform your work publicly (such as for plays, film, dances or music);
- Display your work publicly (such as for artwork, or stills from audiovisual works, or any material used on the Internet or television) and make derivate works (including making modifications, adaptations or other new uses of a work, or translating the work to another media).
In general, it is illegal for anyone to do any of the things listed above with a work created by you without your permission, but there are some exceptions and limitations to your rights as a copyright holder. One major limitation is the doctrine of “Fair Use”.
We know it's a bit confusing, the good news is that you can use almost everything for non-profitable purposes if:
- No matter what you use ALWAYS give credit to the owner, make your citation as complete as possible!
- If you are using videos from Youtube or other places remember:
For most documentary projects, filmmakers don’t have to be concerned about the so-called “right of publicity” that exists under some state laws. The cases (and sometimes the statutes themselves) make it clear that the right bars only the commercial exploitation of celebrities’ “persona,” and First Amendment- protected expressive uses are specifically exempted. THIS MEANS ASK PERMISSION, CITE YOUR WORK TO USE IMAGES & VIDEOS FOR SCHOOL PROJECTS
YOU CAN USE THIS ONES
PIXABAY - Free Videos that are free of copy rights under creative commons
CREATIVE COMMONS - One of the biggest places to find creative commons works
STOCKVAULT.NET Free images from photographers around the world
You are free to embed any video from YouTube, Vimeo, WatchKnowLearn, etc. on your blog or website as long as it gives you the embed option.That being said, you (or your students) can’t necessarily use parts from videos on YouTube (or other sources) to make mashups or as part of another video. Be sure to have permission to use any video that you are cutting, making changes to, or adding to a project.
CITATION GENERATORS
- Easybib
*Remember, when you are using a citation generator your citation is not finished nor 100% accurate, you are a RESEARCHER, find the missing boxes and indent the spaces when necessary. Use the examples above.
Modern Language Association Style (MLA)
MLA style is a system for documenting sources in scholarly writing. For over half a century, it has been widely adopted for classroom instruction and used worldwide by scholars, journal publishers, and academic and commercial presses. MLA style is most commonly used to cite sources within the language arts, cultural studies, and other humanities disciplines such as:
- English Studies - Language and Literature
- Foreign Languages and Literatures
- Literary Criticism
- Comparative Literature
- Cultural Studies
General Guidance for MLA
Type your paper on a computer and print it out on standard, white 8.5 x 11-inch paper.
Double-space the text of your paper and use a legible font (e.g. Times New Roman). Whatever font you choose, MLA recommends that the regular and italics type styles contrast enough that they are each distinct from one another. The font size should be 12 pt.
Leave only one space after periods or other punctuation marks (unless otherwise prompted by your instructor).
Set the margins of your document to 1 inch on all sides.
Indent the first line of each paragraph one-half-inch from the left margin. MLA recommends that you use the “Tab” key as opposed to pushing the space bar five times.
Create a header that numbers all pages consecutively in the upper right-hand corner, one-half inch from the top, and flush with the right margin. (Note: Your instructor may ask that you omit the number on your first page. Always follow your instructor's guidelines.)
Use italics throughout your essay to indicate the titles of longer works and, only when absolutely necessary, provide emphasis.
If you have any endnotes, include them on a separate page before your Works Cited page. Entitle the section Notes (centered, unformatted).
For more information go to MLA Formatting and Style Guide
MLA Works Cited Page
The "Works Cited" page is a list of all the sources cited on your page. It has a particular format that must be followed closely.
Begin your Works Cited page on a separate page at the end of your research paper. It should have the same one-inch margins and last name and page number header as the rest of your paper.
Label the page Works Cited (do not italicize the words Works Cited or put them in quotation marks) and center the words Works Cited at the top of the page.
Only the title should be centered. The citation entries themselves should be aligned with the left margin.
Double-space all citations, but do not skip spaces between entries.
Indent the second and subsequent lines of citations by 0.5 inches to create a hanging indent.
List page numbers of sources efficiently, when needed. If you refer to a journal article that appeared on pages 225 through 250, list the page numbers on your Works Cited page as pp. 225-50 (Note: MLA style dictates that you should omit the first sets of repeated digits. In our example, the digit in the hundreds place is repeated between 225 and 250, so you omit the 2 from 250 in the citation: pp. 225-50). If the excerpt spans multiple pages, use “pp.” Note that MLA style uses a hyphen in a span of pages.
If only one page of a print source is used, mark it with the abbreviation “p.” before the page number (e.g., p. 157). If a span of pages is used, mark it with the abbreviation “pp.” before the page number (e.g., pp. 157-68).
If you're citing an article or a publication that was originally issued in print form but that you retrieved from an online database, you should type the online database name in italics. You do not need to provide subscription information in addition to the database name.
For online sources, you should include a location to show readers where you found the source. Many scholarly databases use a DOI (digital object identifier). Use a DOI in your citation if you can; otherwise use a URL. Delete “http://” from URLs. The DOI or URL is usually the last element in a citation and should be followed by a period.
All works cited entries end with a period.
MLA Citation
Other Important Links
CITATION GENERATORS
- Easybib
*Remember, when you are using a citation generator your citation is not finished nor 100% accurate, you are a RESEARCHER, find the missing boxes and indent the spaces when necessary. Use the examples above.
American Psychological Association (APA)
APA (American Psychological Association) style is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences. APA is most frequently used by writers and students in:
- Social Sciences, such as Psychology, Linguistics, Sociology, Economics, and Criminology
- Business
- Nursing
General Guidance for APA
Your essay should be typed and double-spaced on standard-sized paper (8.5" x 11"), with 1" margins on all sides
You should use a clear font that is highly readable. APA recommends using 12 pt. Times New Roman font.
Include a page header (also known as the "running head") at the top of every page. To create a page header/running head, insert page numbers flush right. Then type "TITLE OF YOUR PAPER" in the header flush left using all capital letters. The running head is a shortened version of your paper's title and cannot exceed 50 characters including spacing and punctuation.
Your essay should include four major sections: the Title Page, Abstract, Main Body, and References.
Your essay should be double-spaced.
For more information go to APA Formatting and Style Guide or watch the Video Units included in the link
References Page
Your reference list should appear at the end of your paper. It provides the information necessary for a reader to locate and retrieve any source you cite in the body of the paper. Each source you cite in the paper must appear in your reference list; likewise, each entry in the reference list must be cited in your text.
Your references should begin on a new page separate from the text of the essay; label this page "References" centered at the top of the page (do NOT bold, underline, or use quotation marks for the title). All text should be double-spaced just like the rest of your essay.
All lines after the first line of each entry in your reference list should be indented one-half inch from the left margin. This is called hanging indentation.
Authors' names are inverted (last name first); give the last name and initials for all authors of a particular work for up to and including seven authors. If the work has more than seven authors, list the first six authors and then use ellipses after the sixth author's name. After the ellipses, list the last author's name of the work.
Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last name of the first author of each work.
For multiple articles by the same author, or authors listed in the same order, list the entries in chronological order, from earliest to most recent.
Present the journal title in full.
Maintain the punctuation and capitalization that is used by the journal in its title.
For example: ReCALL not RECALL or Knowledge Management Research & Practice not Knowledge Management Research and Practice.
Capitalize all major words in journal titles.
When referring to books, chapters, articles, or webpages, capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a title and subtitle, the first word after a colon or a dash in the title, and proper nouns.
Italicize titles of longer works such as books and journals.
Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works such as journal articles or essays in edited collections.
APA Citation
Other Important Links
CITATION GENERATORS
*Remember, when you are using a citation generator your citation is not finished nor 100% accurate, you are a RESEARCHER, find the missing boxes and indent the spaces when necessary. Use the examples above.