Decrypting a Medieval Manuscript
In 1969, the Voynich manuscript was donated by Hans P. Kraus to Yale University's Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, where it remains. [Wikipedia: Voynich manuscript - Wikipedia ]
The Voynich Manuscript is a codex that is written in an unknown and possibly meaningless or encrypted language. The Voynich Manuscript [or MS 408 as codified in the Beinecke Library in Yale University] is theorized to have been written during the fifteenth century. Carbon-dating shows that the manuscript was written during the Italian Renaissance in Italy despite the lack of its effect on the art; however, the exact date and location are unknown to this date.
The Voynich manuscript is divided into six separate sections, and the illustrations on the pages suggest that these include the following. First, the botanical section includes illustrations of plants and herbs. The astronomy and astrology sections contain drawings of zodiac symbols, with the Sun, Moon, and various stars. The biological section includes drawings of women who are connected with tubes in water, and the cosmological section has drawings of medallions with stars. Finally, the pharmaceutical section includes medicinal plants and herbs, and, a section that is thought to be recipes exists, but is yet to be determined and possesses unbroken text. These images are wrapped in elegant writing from left to right. Overall, the codex is around 8.9 by 6.3 inches (in) and contains around 234 pages in its entirety.
One theory suggests that in the late 16th century, Rudolph II of Germany bought the book, which was passed onto an alchemist from Prague, and then his heir. After this, the manuscript vanished from the historical records for approximately 250 years but was found again by Wilfrid Voynich, for whom the manuscript was named after. Since this time, numerous cryptologists and scientists have attempted to decipher the codex.
Dr. Gerard Cheshire, a graduate of the University College London, has been studying the Voynich Manuscript and its mysteries since 2019. His studies show that the manuscript was a reference for the queen of Aragon and involve a guide on therapeutics. Also, he believes that MS408 is the only work written in Proto-Romance that has been discovered to date. We currently have an ongoing, amicable collaboration with Dr. Cheshire and the University College.
RECENT PUBLICATIONS
Shrivastava, Anoushka; Kainth, Krrish; Yin, Bowen; Joshi, Mihir; Mehta, Sahil; Patel, Shervil; Shah, Rishabh; Sekar, Mythri; Downing, R.A. "An Application of Data Mining And Frequency Analyses to Determine Source Languages of the Voynich Manuscript" 2019, Academia.edu preprint [Full Article Link]
Shrivastava, Anoushka; Downing, R.A. "A Quantitative Study of the Voynich Manuscript through the Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test." manuscript in review, [Preprint PDF]
Recent work has shown that the History of the manuscript may be much more rich than thought. The character set that is unique to MS408 may not be a monolithic character set, but rather a composite of characters from [it appears] from societies along what we in the Western world call the 'Silk Road' [generally active from the 2nd century BCE to the 18th century] including Middle Persian, Glagolitic & Sanskrit.
Results are inconclusive, but point to cultural admixing. Some further work to be done is to employ some visual analysis to determine the degree of congruency between character sets. In addition, to strengthen our hypothesis it would be necessary to examine other character sets, as well.
By Kelvin Case - File:Seidenstrasse_GMT.jpg revision., CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=10536100
Commerce traveled the Silk Road from East to West, & back. Traces abound in the West [e.g.: the eponymous silks, spices, fruits], & especially the intellectual skills deriving from centuries of learning & experiment in the East & Middle East.
Astronomy, astrology, herbal medicines & apothecarial remedies, all came Westward along the Silk Road along with goods, moving into the vacuum left by the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire.
Oddly enough, these are roughly the sections of the manuscript as near as can be determined (yes, it's that hard). So let's see how we can apply some advanced machine learning to decrypting MS408 in light of the benefits of the Silk Road.