Umayyad - Damascus

Dome of the Rock

Reference

• Blair And Jonathan M. Bloom, Sheila S. "Dome of the Rock." Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World, edited by Richard C. Martin, 2nd ed., vol. 1, Gale, 2016, pp. 302-304. Gale In Context: World History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3629200136/WHIC?u=mlin_w_amherhs&sid=bookmark-WHIC&xid=b634b04f. Accessed 6 Oct. 2025. 

• "Dome of the Rock." Britannica School, Encyclopædia Britannica, 10 Mar. 2024. libraries.state.ma.us/login?eburl=https%3A%2F%2Fschool.eb.com&ebtarget=%2Flevels%2Fhigh%2Farticle%2FDome-of-the-Rock%2F30854&ebboatid=328921. Accessed 6 Oct. 2025. 

Abd al-Malik

Reference

• "ʿAbd al-Malik." Britannica School, Encyclopædia Britannica, 31 Jan. 2024. libraries.state.ma.us/login?eburl=https%3A%2F%2Fschool.eb.com&ebtarget=%2Flevels%2Fhigh%2Farticle%2F%25CA%25BFAbd-al-Malik%2F3265&ebboatid=328921. Accessed 6 Oct. 2025. 

• Conrad, Lawrence I. "Al- Walid I Ibn 'Abd Al-Malik." Dictionary of the Middle Ages, edited by Joseph R. Strayer, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1989. Gale In Context: World History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/BT2353101779/WHIC?u=mlin_w_amherhs&sid=bookmark-WHIC&xid=0cca3cb8. Accessed 6 Oct. 2025. 

Muawiya

Reference

• Morony, Michael. "Mu'awiya." Dictionary of the Middle Ages, edited by Joseph R. Strayer, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1989. Gale In Context: World History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/BT2353101195/WHIC?u=mlin_w_amherhs&sid=bookmark-WHIC&xid=ba352050. Accessed 6 Oct. 2025. 

• "Muawiya ibn Abu Sufyan." Encyclopedia of World Biography Online, Gale, 1998. Gale In Context: World History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/K1631004709/WHIC?u=mlin_w_amherhs&sid=bookmark-WHIC&xid=6321f768. Accessed 6 Oct. 2025. 

Abd al-Rahman

Reference

• "Abd al-Rahman, III." Encyclopedia of World Biography Online, Gale, 1998. Gale In Context: World History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/K1631000011/WHIC?u=mlin_w_amherhs&sid=bookmark-WHIC&xid=aca4f06a. Accessed 6 Oct. 2025. 

Mosque of Damascus

Reference

• "Great Mosque of Damascus." Britannica School, Encyclopædia Britannica, 5 Aug. 2020. libraries.state.ma.us/login?eburl=https%3A%2F%2Fschool.eb.com&ebtarget=%2Flevels%2Fhigh%2Farticle%2FGreat-Mosque-of-Damascus%2F28633&ebboatid=328921. Accessed 6 Oct. 2025. 

Khirbat al-Mafjar (Hisham's Palace)

Reference

• AlSulaiti, Fatema, and Michael Darter. “Hisham’s Palace.” World History Encyclopedia, Oct. 2025, www.worldhistory.org/Khirbat_Al_Mafjar.

• "Khirbat al-Mafjar." Britannica School, Encyclopædia Britannica, 28 Jun. 2012. libraries.state.ma.us/login?eburl=https%3A%2F%2Fschool.eb.com&ebtarget=%2Flevels%2Fhigh%2Farticle%2FKhirbat-al-Mafjar%2F598792&ebboatid=328921. Accessed 6 Oct. 2025. 

Great Mosque of Aleppo

Reference

• "Zangid dynasty." Britannica School, Encyclopædia Britannica, 24 Jul. 2020. libraries.state.ma.us/login?eburl=https%3A%2F%2Fschool.eb.com&ebtarget=%2Flevels%2Fhigh%2Farticle%2FZangid-dynasty%2F78240&ebboatid=328921. Accessed 6 Oct. 2025. 

Secondary

• Stouhi, Dima. “The Great Umayyad Mosque of Aleppo: From Historic Islamic Monument to War Battlefield.” ArchDaily, 2 Mar. 2023, www.archdaily.com/921640/the-great-umayyad-mosque-of-aleppo-from-historic-islamic-monument-to-war-battlefield. 

• Saba, Matthew. "Jami' al-Umawi (Aleppo)." ArchNet, May 2017, www.archnet.org/sites/1804. 

al-Akhtal

Reference

• "al-Akhṭal." Britannica School, Encyclopædia Britannica, 9 Feb. 2024. libraries.state.ma.us/login?eburl=https%3A%2F%2Fschool.eb.com&ebtarget=%2Flevels%2Fhigh%2Farticle%2Fal-Akh%25E1%25B9%25ADal%2F5282&ebboatid=328921. Accessed 6 Oct. 2025.