Reference
Streissguth, Thomas. "Umayyad dynasty." The Greenhaven Encyclopedia of The Middle Ages, edited by Bruno Leone, Greenhaven Press, 2003, p. 282. Gale In Context: World History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX2277800501/WHIC?u=mlin_w_amherhs&sid=bookmark-WHIC&xid=4cb7fb7e. Accessed 6 Oct. 2025.
Teipen, Alfons H. "Empires: Umayyad." Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World, edited by Richard C. Martin, vol. 1, Macmillan Reference USA, 2004, pp. 222-224. Gale In Context: World History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3403500142/WHIC?u=mlin_w_amherhs&sid=bookmark-WHIC&xid=c1806dbc. Accessed 6 Oct. 2025.
"Umayyad Dynasty." Gale World History Online Collection, Gale, 2023. Gale In Context: World History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/FAITOQ101185931/WHIC?u=mlin_w_amherhs&sid=bookmark-WHIC&xid=5a2f11f8. Accessed 6 Oct. 2025.
Reference
Blair And Jonathan M. Bloom, Sheila S. "Dome of the Rock." Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World, edited by Richard C. Martin, 2nd ed., vol. 1, Gale, 2016, pp. 302-304. Gale In Context: World History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX3629200136/WHIC?u=mlin_w_amherhs&sid=bookmark-WHIC&xid=b634b04f. Accessed 6 Oct. 2025.
"Dome of the Rock." Britannica School, Encyclopædia Britannica, 10 Mar. 2024. libraries.state.ma.us/login?eburl=https%3A%2F%2Fschool.eb.com&ebtarget=%2Flevels%2Fhigh%2Farticle%2FDome-of-the-Rock%2F30854&ebboatid=328921. Accessed 6 Oct. 2025.
Reference
"ʿAbd al-Malik." Britannica School, Encyclopædia Britannica, 31 Jan. 2024. libraries.state.ma.us/login?eburl=https%3A%2F%2Fschool.eb.com&ebtarget=%2Flevels%2Fhigh%2Farticle%2F%25CA%25BFAbd-al-Malik%2F3265&ebboatid=328921. Accessed 6 Oct. 2025.
Conrad, Lawrence I. "Al- Walid I Ibn 'Abd Al-Malik." Dictionary of the Middle Ages, edited by Joseph R. Strayer, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1989. Gale In Context: World History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/BT2353101779/WHIC?u=mlin_w_amherhs&sid=bookmark-WHIC&xid=0cca3cb8. Accessed 6 Oct. 2025.
Reference
Morony, Michael. "Mu'awiya." Dictionary of the Middle Ages, edited by Joseph R. Strayer, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1989. Gale In Context: World History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/BT2353101195/WHIC?u=mlin_w_amherhs&sid=bookmark-WHIC&xid=ba352050. Accessed 6 Oct. 2025.
"Muawiya ibn Abu Sufyan." Encyclopedia of World Biography Online, Gale, 1998. Gale In Context: World History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/K1631004709/WHIC?u=mlin_w_amherhs&sid=bookmark-WHIC&xid=6321f768. Accessed 6 Oct. 2025.
Reference
"Abd al-Rahman, III." Encyclopedia of World Biography Online, Gale, 1998. Gale In Context: World History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/K1631000011/WHIC?u=mlin_w_amherhs&sid=bookmark-WHIC&xid=aca4f06a. Accessed 6 Oct. 2025.
Reference
"Great Mosque of Damascus." Britannica School, Encyclopædia Britannica, 5 Aug. 2020. libraries.state.ma.us/login?eburl=https%3A%2F%2Fschool.eb.com&ebtarget=%2Flevels%2Fhigh%2Farticle%2FGreat-Mosque-of-Damascus%2F28633&ebboatid=328921. Accessed 6 Oct. 2025.
Reference
AlSulaiti, Fatema, and Michael Darter. “Hisham’s Palace.” World History Encyclopedia, Oct. 2025, www.worldhistory.org/Khirbat_Al_Mafjar.
"Khirbat al-Mafjar." Britannica School, Encyclopædia Britannica, 28 Jun. 2012. libraries.state.ma.us/login?eburl=https%3A%2F%2Fschool.eb.com&ebtarget=%2Flevels%2Fhigh%2Farticle%2FKhirbat-al-Mafjar%2F598792&ebboatid=328921. Accessed 6 Oct. 2025.
Reference
"Zangid dynasty." Britannica School, Encyclopædia Britannica, 24 Jul. 2020. libraries.state.ma.us/login?eburl=https%3A%2F%2Fschool.eb.com&ebtarget=%2Flevels%2Fhigh%2Farticle%2FZangid-dynasty%2F78240&ebboatid=328921. Accessed 6 Oct. 2025.
Secondary
Stouhi, Dima. “The Great Umayyad Mosque of Aleppo: From Historic Islamic Monument to War Battlefield.” ArchDaily, 2 Mar. 2023, www.archdaily.com/921640/the-great-umayyad-mosque-of-aleppo-from-historic-islamic-monument-to-war-battlefield.
Saba, Matthew. "Jami' al-Umawi (Aleppo)." ArchNet, May 2017, www.archnet.org/sites/1804.
Reference
"al-Akhṭal." Britannica School, Encyclopædia Britannica, 9 Feb. 2024. libraries.state.ma.us/login?eburl=https%3A%2F%2Fschool.eb.com&ebtarget=%2Flevels%2Fhigh%2Farticle%2Fal-Akh%25E1%25B9%25ADal%2F5282&ebboatid=328921. Accessed 6 Oct. 2025.