Embedded Files
General Overview
General Overview
Reference
Conrad, Lawrence I. "Caliphate." Dictionary of the Middle Ages, edited by Joseph R. Strayer, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1989. Gale In Context: World History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/BT2353200510/WHIC?u=mlin_w_amherhs&sid=bookmark-WHIC&xid=ce2023ab. Accessed 6 Oct. 2025.
"Rashidun." Britannica School, Encyclopædia Britannica, 28 Feb. 2020. libraries.state.ma.us/login?eburl=https%3A%2F%2Fschool.eb.com&ebtarget=%2Flevels%2Fhigh%2Farticle%2FRashidun%2F62732&ebboatid=328921. Accessed 25 Sep. 2025.
Websites
Books
Abu Bakr (c. 573-634)
Abu Bakr (c. 573-634)
Reference
Gale World History in Context - Biographies of Abu Bakr
"Abū Bakr." Britannica School, Encyclopædia Britannica, 31 Jan. 2024. libraries.state.ma.us/login?eburl=https%3A%2F%2Fschool.eb.com&ebtarget=%2Flevels%2Fhigh%2Farticle%2FAb%25C5%25AB-Bakr%2F3420&ebboatid=328921. Accessed 25 Sep. 2025.
Khan, Syed Muhammad, and Petermaleh. “Abu Bakr.” World History Encyclopedia, Sept. 2025, www.worldhistory.org/Abu_Bakr. Accessed 25 Sep. 2025.
Primary Sources
Abu Bakr. “Upon Succeeding the Prophet Muhammad.” Primary Source Documents: 0 to 999, Facts On File, 632. Ancient and Medieval History, online.infobase.com/Auth/Index?aid=95181&itemid=WE49&primarySourceId=3239. Accessed 25 Sept. 2025.
Groff, Bethany. "The Pact Of Umar: Peace Accord To The Christians Of Syria." Defining Documents in World History: The Middle East (141 BCE–2017), edited by Michael Shally-Jensen, Salem Press, 2018. Salem Online, online.salempress.com/articleDetails.do?articleName=DDMidEast_0010. Accessed 25 Sep. 2025.
Umar ibn al-Khattab
Umar ibn al-Khattab
Reference
Khan, Syed Muhammad, and Petermaleh. “Umar.” World History Encyclopedia, Mar. 2025, www.worldhistory.org/Umar. Accessed 25 Sep. 2025.
"ʿUmar I." Britannica School, Encyclopædia Britannica, 11 Apr. 2024. libraries.state.ma.us/login?eburl=https%3A%2F%2Fschool.eb.com&ebtarget=%2Flevels%2Fhigh%2Farticle%2F%25CA%25BFUmar-I%2F74188&ebboatid=328921. Accessed 25 Sep. 2025.
Primary Sources
Groff, Bethany. "The Pact Of Umar: Peace Accord To The Christians Of Syria." Defining Documents in World History: The Middle East (141 BCE–2017), edited by Michael Shally-Jensen, Salem Press, 2018. Salem Online, online.salempress.com/articleDetails.do?articleName=DDMidEast_0010.
Uthman ibn Affan
Uthman ibn Affan
Reference
Khan, Syed Muhammad, and Petermaleh. “Uthman.” World History Encyclopedia, Oct. 2025, www.worldhistory.org/Uthman.
"ʿUthmān ibn ʿAffān." Britannica School, Encyclopædia Britannica, 11 Apr. 2024. libraries.state.ma.us/login?eburl=https%3A%2F%2Fschool.eb.com&ebtarget=%2Flevels%2Fhigh%2Farticle%2F%25CA%25BFUthm%25C4%2581n-ibn-%25CA%25BFAff%25C4%2581n%2F74557&ebboatid=328921. Accessed 6 Oct. 2025.
Ali ibn Abi Talib
Ali ibn Abi Talib
Reference
"ʿAlī." Britannica School, Encyclopædia Britannica, 20 Feb. 2025. libraries.state.ma.us/login?eburl=https%3A%2F%2Fschool.eb.com&ebtarget=%2Flevels%2Fhigh%2Farticle%2F%25CA%25BFAl%25C4%25AB%2F5712&ebboatid=328921. Accessed 6 Oct. 2025.
Khan, Syed Muhammad, and Petermaleh. “Ali Ibn Abi Talib.” World History Encyclopedia, Oct. 2025, www.worldhistory.org/Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib.
Book
Abbas, Hassan. The Prophet's Heir : The Life of Ali Ibn Abi Talib, Yale University Press, 2021. ProQuest Ebook Central, https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/arps/detail.action?docID=6455342.
Page updated
Report abuse