Abbasid Empire

House of Wisdom (Baghdad)

Reference

• "Bayt al-Hikmah." Britannica School, Encyclopædia Britannica, 19 Apr. 2023. libraries.state.ma.us/login?eburl=https%3A%2F%2Fschool.eb.com&ebtarget=%2Flevels%2Fhigh%2Farticle%2FBayt-al-Hikmah%2F637265&ebboatid=328921. Accessed 6 Oct. 2025. 

Secondary

• Al-Khalili, Jim. The House of Wisdom : How Arabic Science Saved Ancient Knowledge and Gave Us the Renaissance. Penguin Books, 2012.

Great Mosque of Samarra

Reference

• "Sāmarrāʾ." Britannica School, Encyclopædia Britannica, 3 Oct. 2024. libraries.state.ma.us/login?eburl=https%3A%2F%2Fschool.eb.com&ebtarget=%2Flevels%2Fhigh%2Farticle%2FS%25C4%2581marr%25C4%2581%25CA%25BE%2F65198&ebboatid=328921. Accessed 6 Oct. 2025. 

Secondary

• UNESCO World Heritage Centre. “Samarra Archaeological City.” UNESCO World Heritage Centre, whc.unesco.org/en/list/276. 

Firdawsi (Firdausi)  

• "Ferdowsī." Britannica School, Encyclopædia Britannica, 29 Feb. 2024. libraries.state.ma.us/login?eburl=https%3A%2F%2Fschool.eb.com&ebtarget=%2Flevels%2Fhigh%2Farticle%2FFerdows%25C4%25AB%2F34029&ebboatid=328921. Accessed 6 Oct. 2025. 

• "Firdausi." Encyclopedia of World Biography Online, Gale, 1998. Gale In Context: World History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/K1631002196/WHIC?u=mlin_w_amherhs&sid=bookmark-WHIC&xid=d80aeac3. Accessed 6 Oct. 2025. 

Muhammad al-Razi;  Al-Razi (Rhazes)

• "Al-Rāzī, Abū Bakr Muḥammad Ibn Zakariyyā." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography, vol. 11, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008, pp. 323-326. Gale In Context: World History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX2830903599/WHIC?u=mlin_w_amherhs&sid=bookmark-WHIC&xid=6fd6592c. Accessed 6 Oct. 2025. 

• "al-Rāzī." Britannica School, Encyclopædia Britannica, 3 Apr. 2024. libraries.state.ma.us/login?eburl=https%3A%2F%2Fschool.eb.com&ebtarget=%2Flevels%2Fhigh%2Farticle%2Fal-R%25C4%2581z%25C4%25AB%2F62842&ebboatid=328921. Accessed 6 Oct. 2025. 

Ibn Sina (Avicenna) 

• "Avicenna." Britannica School, Encyclopædia Britannica, 13 Feb. 2025. libraries.state.ma.us/login?eburl=https%3A%2F%2Fschool.eb.com&ebtarget=%2Flevels%2Fhigh%2Farticle%2FAvicenna%2F11433&ebboatid=328921. Accessed 6 Oct. 2025. 

• "Avicenna." Encyclopedia of World Biography Online, Gale, 1998. Gale In Context: World History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/K1631000344/WHIC?u=mlin_w_amherhs&sid=bookmark-WHIC&xid=e552a5fc. Accessed 6 Oct. 2025. 

Omar Khayyam  

• "Omar Khayyam." Britannica School, Encyclopædia Britannica, 29 Mar. 2024. libraries.state.ma.us/login?eburl=https%3A%2F%2Fschool.eb.com&ebtarget=%2Flevels%2Fhigh%2Farticle%2FOmar-Khayyam%2F57079&ebboatid=328921. Accessed 6 Oct. 2025. 

• "Omar Khayyam." Britannica School, Encyclopædia Britannica, 29 Mar. 2024. libraries.state.ma.us/login?eburl=https%3A%2F%2Fschool.eb.com&ebtarget=%2Flevels%2Fhigh%2Farticle%2FOmar-Khayyam%2F57079&ebboatid=328921. Accessed 6 Oct. 2025. 

Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi

• "Al-Khwārizmī, Abū Ja’far Muhammad Ibn Mūsā." Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography, vol. 7, Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008, pp. 358-365. Gale In Context: World History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX2830902300/WHIC?u=mlin_w_amherhs&sid=bookmark-WHIC&xid=9e29b35d. Accessed 6 Oct. 2025. 

• "al-Khwārizmī." Britannica School, Encyclopædia Britannica, 13 Feb. 2025. libraries.state.ma.us/login?eburl=https%3A%2F%2Fschool.eb.com&ebtarget=%2Flevels%2Fhigh%2Farticle%2Fal-Khw%25C4%2581rizm%25C4%25AB%2F45366&ebboatid=328921. Accessed 6 Oct. 2025. 

• "al-Khwarizmi." Science and Its Times, edited by Neil Schlager and Josh Lauer, vol. 2, Gale, 2001. Gale In Context: World History, link.gale.com/apps/doc/K2643410316/WHIC?u=mlin_w_amherhs&sid=bookmark-WHIC&xid=ef4f22e6. Accessed 6 Oct. 2025.