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Whiskey is the broad category of distilled grain spirits, while bourbon is a specific type of American whiskey with strict rules: it must be made in the U.S., use at least 51% corn in its mash, be distilled to a max of 160 proof, enter new charred oak barrels at 125 proof or less, and contain no added flavors. Think of it as "all bourbon is whiskey, but not all whiskey is bourbon".
Yes, whiskey must be aged in wooden barrels (usually oak) for a minimum time, but the process differs significantly from wine: whiskey's aging stops when bottled, while wine's continues, and whiskey gains most color and flavor from the wood, whereas wine primarily matures and integrates flavors in the bottle.