High-poverty areas and Minority areas in Southern California have greater traffic density than the least poor or non-Minority areas (Houston et al., 2004). It is possible that residents of these areas are at a higher risk of the health effects associated with vehicle-related pollutants such as respiratory illnesses, cancer, and mortality.

Limited internet access is associated with higher COVID-19 mortality across urban, suburban, and rural areas (Lin et al., 2022).

The rates of diabetes diagnosis are higher among NYC residents living near hazardous waste sites contaminated with persistent organic pollutants compared to residents living near sites contaminated by other pollutants or clean sites (Kouznetsova et al., 2007).