By. Adrianna B
Page 99-100 our book talks about the slavery African Americans went through. Over 225,000 African Americans lived in the northern states because they were "free". As though they were free after the American Revolution, they were still targeted. Whites still believe they were not the same. White men were the only ones considered men and allowed to vote. White mobs would constant attacks, invading their cities and even killing blacks. There was even a time when states charged blacks to enter their states. This continued in certain states.
This strike started in November of 1968, in San Francisco state. There had been changes happening around the world with MLK assassinated. At this time, black college rates were low even in the school district. Crutchfield was part of the black student union and was very well known. he mentioned in this article how "it was unusual to see blacks in a positive light. " These students wanted a change and they wanted it now. This began to open the eyes of other students of color. Students wanted to study their culture and history. Asian Americans wanted their own identity back. Combining these organizations started The Third World Liberation Front. This included Asia, Africa, and Latin America. When Professor Murry wanted a change and made a statement. The president of San Francisco State fired him. Shortly after the Black Student Union and the Third World Liberation Front joined together and went on strike.
"I remember a sign all over that read 'no Mexicans allowed." A girl said Maria Arredondo. Mexicans were forced to be segregated just like African Americans. During the 1910s Mexicans moved northward for a change. In the southwest, they were outnumbered and treated horribly because of it. Children were told "that language is ugly" and most of them couldn't speak English.
Gov. Brown vetoed something that would have changed education and ethnic studies. He vetoed a law that statewide standard for ethnic studies classes around the United States in 2016. These would have created a way for students to have more open minds.
Over the years, ethnic studies have been fought to be continued studied throughout education. On April 26, 2011, nine students took charge and went to their school district. Their MAS (Mexican American Studies) program. had been banned by a fellow governor. The students were angry. Later on, they were able to get MASS (Mexican American Student Services) passed and started.
Students and educators all around for years. People of color have fought to have people hear their history.
Mendez v. Westminster School District
Schools had segregated Mexican children throughout the school districts in the United States in 1947. It was about 70% of Mexican students who were segregated throughout Orange County. These schools were also found in Texas and Arizona. Some school states along the southwest also had children forced into segregated schools.
Mendez and his wife were both considered American citizens and three children were also. Since his children were darker-skinned Mexicans they could not attend a school that had accepted his "fair skin' niece/nephews.
Mendez then filed a lawsuit against the federal school district, which happened to go for four different school districts. Starting in 1946 schools in California and Arionza began to close their segregated schools.
Resources
Ehsanipour, Asal. “Ethnic Studies: Born in the Bay Area from History’s Biggest Student Strike.” KQED, 30 July 2020, www.kqed.org/news/11830384/how-the-longest-student-strike-in-u-s-history-created-ethnic-studies.
“History.” CCCESFC, www.cccesfcouncil.org/history.html.
Diaz, Daniel. Sutori, www.sutori.com/en/story/a-history-of-ethnic-studies--SdT51J153UKEpU5RtmYnaTeG.
Pough, Natalie Odom, and TINA VASQUEZ. “The Fight for Ethnic Studies.” Learning for Justice, www.learningforjustice.org/magazine/spring-2021/the-fight-for-ethnic-studies.
Ruiz, Vicki L. “South by Southwest: Mexican Americans and Segregated Schooling.” Academic.Oup.Com, academic.oup.com/maghis/article/15/2/23/942662.
Takaki, Ronald T. A Different Mirror: A History of Multicultural America. Back Bay Books
Aguirre, Frederick P. Mendez v. Westminster School District: How It Affected Brown v. Board ..., journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1538192705279406.