Modeling in K–2 builds on prior experiences and progresses to include using and developing models (i.e., diagram, drawing, physical replica, diorama, dramatization, or storyboard) that represent concrete events or design solutions.  

• Distinguish between a model and the actual object, process, and/or events the model represents.  

• Compare models to identify common features and differences.  

• Develop and/or use a model to represent amounts, relationships, relative scales (bigger, smaller), and/or patterns in the natural and designed world(s).  

• Develop a simple model based on evidence to represent a proposed object or tool. 

Modeling in 3–5 builds on K–2 experiences and progresses to building and revising simple models and using models to represent events and design solutions.

• Identify limitations of models.

• Collaboratively develop and/or revise a model based on evidence that shows the relationships among variables for frequent and regular occurring events. 

• Develop a model using an analogy, example, or abstract representation to describe a scientific principle or design solution.  

• Develop and/or use models to describe and/or predict phenomena.  

• Develop a diagram or simple physical prototype to convey a proposed object, tool, or process.  

• Use a model to test cause and effect relationships or interactions concerning the functioning of a natural or designed system. 

Modeling in 6–8 builds on K–5 experiences and progresses to developing, using, and revising models to describe, test, and predict more abstract phenomena and design systems.  

• Evaluate limitations of a model for a proposed object or tool.  

• Develop or modify a model— based on evidence – to match what happens if a variable or component of a system is changed.  

• Use and/or develop a model of simple systems with uncertain and less predictable factors.  

• Develop and/or revise a model to show the relationships among variables, including those that are not observable but predict observable phenomena.  

• Develop and/or use a model to predict and/or describe phenomena.   

• Develop a model to describe unobservable mechanisms.  

• Develop and/or use a model to generate data to test ideas about phenomena in natural or designed systems, including those representing inputs and outputs, and those at unobservable scales.