Tarumanegara Kingdom
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The Location of Tarumanegara Kingdom
By Gunawan Kartapranata - Own work by uploader, see #References for references used creating the map., CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=8358847
Tarumanegara Kingdom was located in West Java, near of Citarum River. Some references said the location of this kingdom was between Cisadane and Citarum River. It was established around 5th century. Tarumanegara or Taruma Kingdom was the oldest Hindu Kingdom in Java. The territory of this kingdom were all areas of West Java and Banten.
The Background of the Kingdom
Taruma Kingdom was established by Rajadirajaguru Jayasingawarman. He was a hindu priest from India. He went to Indonesia because there was a war between his kingdom and Magadha Kingdom. Actually he was the leader of evacuees from Palawa and Calanjaya Kingdom who wanted to get protection from the big war happend in that era.
The Historical Sources of Tarumanegara Kingdom
Vikrantasyavanipateh srimatah purnavarmmanah tarumanegarendrasya visnor iva padadvayam."
Artinya, "ini dua kaki, yang seperti kaki Dewa Wisnu, ialah kaki Yang Mulia Sang Purnawarman, raja di negeri Taruma, raja yang gagah berani di dunia."
This means, "these two feet, which are like the feet of Lord Vishnu, are the feet of His Majesty Purnawarman, the king of the land of Taruma, the bravest king in the world."
The name of this stone is Ciaruteun Inscription. It was the oldest inscription of Tarumanegara Kingdom. It was found in Ciaruteun Ilir Village, Cibungbulang, Bogor.
The next inscription was Tugu Inscription. This stone was found in Batutumbuh, Tugu village, Koja, North Jakarta (near of Cakung River).
The inscription explained about the excavation of the Candrabaga River (Bekasi River) by Rajadirajaguru and the excavation of the Gomati River by Purnawarman. The digging of the river was to avoid natural disasters in the form of floods and droughts that occur during the dry season. It also had a function for trade shipping traffic between regions.
The next was Kebon Kopi I Inscription. It was found in Ciaruteun, Ilir, Cibungbuang, Bogor. The Kebon Kopi I Inscription was also known as the Tapak Gajah Inscription. This was because on the surface of the inscription there were carvings of elephant footprints. This inscription told about the elephant riding by King Purnawarman who was the king of the Tarumanegara Kingdom.
Jambu Inscription (Prasasti Jambu) or Pasir Kolengkak Inscription is an inscription originating from the Tarumanagara Kingdom which was found in a guava plantation area approximately 30 km west of Bogor.
This was the content of Jambu Inscription
sriman=data krtajnyo narapatir=asamo yah pura tarumayam/ nama sri purnnavarmma pracura ri pusara bhedya bikhyatavarmmo/ tasyedam= pada vimbadvayam= arinagarotsadane nityadaksam/ bhaktanam yandripanam= bhavati sukhakaram salyabhutam ripunam//
"Gagah, mengagumkan, dan jujur terhadap tugasnya adalah pemimpin manusia yang tiada taranya-Yang Termashur Sri Purnnawarman-yang sekali waktu (memerintah) di Taruma, dan yang baju zirahnya terkenal tidak dapat ditembus senjata musuh. Ini adalah sepasang telapak kakinya yang senantiasa berhasil menggempur kota-kota musuh, hormat kepada para pangeran, tetapi merupakan duri dalam daging bagi musuh-musuhnya."
The Pasir Awi Inscription was found on the southern slope of the Pasir Awi hill in the Cipamingkis Hills forest area, Sukamakmur village, Sukamakmur District, Jonggol, Bogor district, West Java.
Meanwhile, the contents of the Pasir Awi Inscription still cannot be read because it was written in curly letters.
The inscription contains the footprints of Sri Purnawarman, the famous king of the Tarumanegara kingdom. Source: Directorate of Cultural Protection. This inscription was first discovered by N.W. Hoepermans in 1864 and was reported as a Ciampea inscription.
The Muara Cianten inscription is located on the edge (of the Cisadane river) near Muara Cianten which was previously known as the Pasir Muara (Pasiran Muara) inscription because it is part of the Pasirmuara Village area, Ciaruteun Ilir Village, Cibungbuang District, Bogor Regency.
The inscription is written on a stone measuring 140 cm high, 317 cm long and 148 cm wide. The inscription contains writing/images (pictographs) in curly script (curled lines that are entangled with each other) and is so worn that it cannot be interpreted yet.
This was the content of the Cidanghiang Inscription
vikrānto ‘yaṃ vanipateḥ | prabhuḥ satyaparā[k]ramaḥ
narendraddhāvajabhūtena | śrīmataḥ pūrṇṇavarmaṇaḥ
“Inilah (tanda) keperwiraan, keagungan dan keberanian yang sesungguhnya dari Raja Dunia, Yang Mulia Pūrṇṇawarman, yang menjadi panji sekalian raja-raja”.
This inscription was found near of the Cidanghiang River, Lebak Village, Munjul District, Pandeglang Regency, Banten.
The Economical and Cultural Sector of Taruma Kingdom
According to Tugu Inscription, the people of Taruma Kingdom had been familiar with the irrigation system, thus historians assumed that the livelihood of the people were agriculture and global-local trading.
In Purnawarman era, every end of the activities, the people did Salametan (prayer and Balakecrakan). A tradition that Sundanese people still carry out until the 21st century AD (praying and eating together after the event/activity is finished).
Purnawarman in Indramayu donated400 cows, 80 buffalo, clothes for Brahmins, 10 horses, 1 Tarumanagara flag and food.
The Religion and the end of the Kingdom
According to historians' findings, the religions of Taruma people were Hindu and Buddhism. One of the evidences of Taruma Kingdom was the complex of Batujaya Temples (komplek Percandian Batujaya). This site had a Buddhist based temple. Although the majority of Taruma people were hindu, but there was also buddhism. Based on this fact, the historians assumed that the people of Taruma had high tolerance.
The first picture is the complex of Batujaya temples which consists of Blandongan temple (the 2nd picture) and Jiwa temple (the 3rd picture).
Tarumanegara was governed by 12 kings. The last king who led this kingdom was Linggawarman, then continued by his son in law, Tarusbawa. Linggawarman had two daughters, who was the first (Manasih), married with Tarusbawa (from Sunda). Meanwhile, the second child, Sobakancana married with Dapuntahyang Sri Jayanasa who was the founder of Srivijaya (Sriwijaya) Kingdom.
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