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12- CONSUMER PURCHASING INTENTION AND BEHAVIOR TOWARD CHICKEN MEAT IN SULAYMANIYAH CITY: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM A FIELD SURVEY
12- CONSUMER PURCHASING INTENTION AND BEHAVIOR TOWARD CHICKEN MEAT IN SULAYMANIYAH CITY: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM A FIELD SURVEY
Abstract
Consumer behavioural study is an important determinant factor in food marketing for the value chain of agribusiness and poultry production development strategies. The aims of this study were to determine the consumer purchasing behavioural intention of chicken meat within the application of planned behavioural control toward the food purchasing framework developed by Ajzen (2015). This study was carried out in Sulaymaniyah city, Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI). The data were collected via a structured questionnaire form indicating the respondents’ choice and decision-making process while purchasing chicken meat and the reasons behind its consumption based on a 5-point Likert Scale. The major questions were focused on purchasing places and preferred chicken meat types and cuts and consumption and purchasing frequency, as well as determining the effectors for the purchasing decision of the respondents and the TPB’s three constructs: attitude (ATT), subjective norm (SN) and perceived behavioural control (PBC) that form a behavioural intention (BI). The findings from this study showed a positive consumer attitude and perceived behavioural control (p-value = 0.000, β = 0.469; p-value = 0.000, β = 0.704, respectively) towards chicken meat purchase and consumption in Sulaymaniyah city. However, the subjective norms had negative significant influences (p-value = 0.000, β = –0.261) compared to ATT and PBC of consumers in purchasing and consuming chicken meat. It was also found that 89.4% of the respondents consume chicken at home once a week or more. This study renders valuable guidance for further development in the agribusiness sector and marketing strategies in the KRI.
Abstract
This study aims to report the trends in chicken meat production, importing, and per capita consumption in the Sulaymaniyah governorate, as well as, identify the challenges and opportunities of poultry sector development to become a substantial contributor to food security and poverty alleviation in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI). This study reviews ten years of data on the production of broiler chicken and per capita consumption patterns from 2011 to 2020, in the Sulaymaniyah governorate in KRI. The data from this study explain that more than half of the broiler chicken production projects are located in the Sulaymaniyah governorate. Thus, the growing number of poultry projects has significantly contributed to increasing local broiler chicken meat production by 6 folds and achieving 85.44% of self-sufficiency in broiler chicken meat production, even though their productivity is lower than their production capacity due to the high rate of broiler chicken mortality and uncertain supply chain management. Furthermore, frequent fluctuations and instability in the production rates are observed during the last decade, as broiler chicken meat production increased from 1,669.77 tonnes in 2011 to 20,034.06 tonne in 2015, then dropped to 11,802.36 tonnes in 2016 then rose again to 23,816.13 tonnes in 2019 and then declined again to 11,352.23 tonnes in 2020. These fluctuations and instabilities in local production may harm agri-food production sustainability and food security in the KRI in general, and, the Sulaymaniyah governorate in particular.
Abstract
The Kurdistan Region of Iraq, like other countries, has a fast-developing tourism sector, with numerous tourism foundations attracting visitors from all over the world. It has tremendous tourist potential, with a diverse range of spectacular sights ranging from breath taking mountain scenery to ancient settlements and archaeological sites. As such, the study examines tourist attitudes and perceptions of rural tourism in the Kurdistan Regional Government's Dukan district, Sulaimani Governorate, located in the northern part of the Republic of Iraq. To fulfil the research's purpose, a questionnaire-based survey was performed via both the distribution of paper questionnaires and the usage of an online Google form. In 2021, 542 questionnaires were applied. Descriptive statistics and principal component analysis were used to examine the collected data. According to the results of this study, the majority of tourists travelled to the Dukan district 1-3 times annually. tourists saw the geographical area and nature of the Dukan district as the most essential reason for their visit to the Dukan district. While the high cost of renting a boat and shades is regarded as the most major obstacle.
Abstract
Chicken meat consumption and demand have significantly increased in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI) after 2003, which has led to the growth of poultry production and risen import from abroad. Consumer preferences study can be a determinant factor for poultry production development strategies to fill local demand gaps and global market competition. This study aimed to identify the consumer preference of chicken meat regarding the type, size, parts, marketplace, and other vital aspects considered by consumers when buying chicken meat, and the internal and external factors that affect consumer preference in the chicken meat purchasing choice. A descriptive study was conducted in Sulaymaniyah city, and the data were collected through a structured questionnaire form. This study indicated that 47.7% of the respondents prefer local Kurdish chicken (Mrishki Kurdi). 50% of the consumers in the Sulaymaniyah city prefer to buy whole chicken weighed between (2-3 Kg), 35.4% at the nearest or trusted meat shop, 38.5% at the wet markets, and 69.3% alive chicken slaughtered at the wet market at the time of purchase. Additionally, the internal factors (sensory features and perceptual features) were more dominant (sum total = 4.084) than External factors (information, social environment, and physical environment) (sum total = 3.599). Conclusions derived from the results suggest that the current study can contribute to a better understanding of consumers and improve the agribusiness value chain in KRI. The results from this study are recommended to examine consumer behavior and preference for agri-foods to build an integrated sustainable food production system based on consumers' needs and demands in the KRI and compete with the imported products.
ABSTRACT :
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the addition of glycerin at levels of 6%, 12% and 18% to different diets on some of the Biochemical Indicators and antioxidants in the blood serum of 12 Lambs, that aged between (3 - 4) months. The lambs were divided into four groups consist of the control group, diet without the addition of glycerin, the second group, the added of glycerin by 6% of fed, the third group, the added of glycerin by 12% of fed, the fourth group and the added of glycerin by 18% of fed. The blood samples were collected from all lambs during 90 days of the experiment. The results showed that no significant effect of liver enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gamma-glutamyltransferase, (GGT) in the blood serum. The differences were significant at the level of insulin in the added of glycerin compared to the control group. The level of growth hormone significantly increased in the third treatment compared to the other of the treatments and the control group, the level of T4 hormone was significantly higher in the fourth treatment compared to the other of the treatment and the control group, the level of T3 hormone was significant increased in the added treatments compared to the control group. The results were significant in some biochemical indicators (Glucose, Cholesterol, Triglycerides, Total Protein and Globulin) in the added treatments compared to the control group, the results were shown that the Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Glutathione (GSH) levels recorded improvement. When treated with glycerin compared to the control group.It concluded that the added of glycerin at different levels of 6%, 12% and 18% of diets improves some of the hormones and biochemical indicators and did not have a detrimental effect on liver enzymes and significantly improved the status of antioxidants in blood serum of male lambs awassi breed sheep.
ABSTRACT:
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of Selenium (Se) or Zinc (Zn) supplements each alone or mixture on some carcass characteristics the and Activity of glutathione in Liver and kidney tissues of Kurdi lambs, aged between 3-4 months, average live body weight of (20-23) kg. the Lambs were divided randomly into four groups (3 lambs for each group). first group control group basal diet without Selenium or Zinc, Second group Selenium (sodium selenite) was added as 0.5 mg/kg of fed, Third group Zinc (zinc sulphate) was added as 100 mg/kg of fed, fourth group added (Selenium with Zinc) At a concentration of 0.5 100 mg/kg fed. Selenium and Zinc were given capsules daily for 90 days. The results showed of The differences were significant (P≤ 0.05) on some carcass characteristics the (Head, Fore limb, Hind limb, Hide, Lunch, liver, Kidney traits, Thigh circumference trait and Heart), There were no significant differences (NS) in spleen weight, Carcass length and Carcass circumference between the coefficients of added and the control group, The differences were significant (P≤ 0.05) in the Glutathione activity in Liver and kidney tissues in the treatment of selenium or zinc supplementation individually or mixed between them compared to the control group. The results concluded that the added of selenium or zinc supplements improved significantly of some carcass characteristics and Glutathione activity in Liver and kidney tissues of Kurdi lambs.
ABSTRACT:
The study examined the impact of training on the productivity of beekeepers in Sulaimani City, Kurdistan Regional Government, Iraq. Data for the paper was collected from questionnaire surveys from April until August 2019. The sample size was of 82 beekeepers, but in the end 54 questionnaires were validated. Data analysis was conducted by using standard statistical and economic processes. The study revealed that training plays a vital role in enhancing the productivity of the beekeepers.
ABSTRACT:
Training is the crucial method of developing the beekeepers towards enhancing their performance. This research paper investigates the impact of training on Sulaimani beekeepers performance in their beekeeping practice. In order to better understand the study aim, three objectives have been developed and these focused especially on, identifying the training programs’ existing in the Bee Department, Directorate-General for Agriculture in sulaimani, what methods are used and do these methods meet the training objectives, and finally investigate the impacts of training on beekeepers performance. For this research, a random sampling method has been used to select beekeepers. A quantitative research approach of the data collection was adopted. Data for the research were collected using Likert’s scale tool from questionnaires surveys through the primary source distributed 23 questions to 85 beekeepers. Based on this sample the results obtained indicate that training has positively effect on the beekeepers performance. It is recommended the introduction further training programs for beekeepers that are more appropriate to the skills needed at work.
ABSTRACT:
This study was conducted in Sulaymaniyah Governorate aiming to determine the major constrains of beekeeping in this area. Locally produced Honeybee products are highly valued in Kurdistan region. Availability of adequate natural resources and climate are major factors in prompting Apiculture industry in this area. The structured questionnaires were distributed on 89 respondent beekeepers in the area. the major constraints determined in this study were ranked from very important to less important; marketing, honeybee colonies, pest and disease, harsh winter, no or limited access to credit, lack of skilled manpower and training institutions, respectively.
ABSTRACT:
There are major changes in food consumption, dietary patterns and Consumers Precept throughout the world. These changes occur as a result of various factors. After the 2003, when the sanctions against Iraq were ended, which was imposed by the United Nations Security Council on Ba'athist Iraq, there was also a significant change in food consumption alongside economy development in Iraq. This change was more noticeably happened in Kurdistan region of Iraq which was initially enjoying an economic boom due to security in the region. Since then, the increase of job opportunity and the income level of residents in Kurdistan region has developed. Meanwhile, the route of marketing and shopping has significantly changed from local markets to supermarkets and hypermarkets. This development can be considered as an important factor which affect the influence on food demand and consumption. Previously, Fresh food and traditionally preserved food were mostly consumed and canned food was mostly avoided by people of Kurdistan region. This paper focus on the development of canned food consumption and changes of the perception and attitudes toward canned food consumption in Sulaymaniyah City; and the reasons in changing their consumption pattern within the last 16 years. This research was conducted in Sulaymaniyah City, Kurdistan region of Iraq, during in 2019
ABSTRACT:
Over the last years, tourism has undergone significant development worldwide, especially in developing countries. Tourism is a multi-faced activity with positive and negative impacts on the destinations, linking the economic, social, and environmental components of sustainable development. The attitude of the host community is an important factor for future tourism planning, management, and development of a tourism destination. As such, the paper analyzes the attitudes and perceptions of the local residents from the Kurdistan Regional Government, located in the northern part of the Republic of Iraq. To achieve the purpose of the research, a survey based on a questionnaire was conducted in Sulaimani and Halabja Governorates. A number of 320 questionnaires were applied in 2016. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and principal component analysis. The results indicate that tourism is seen as a development sector during the last years. Its positive impacts are better perceived than the negative ones, mainly because it offers more recreational opportunities due to the development of new recreational parks. Tourism increases pollution, this being the most negative aspect mentioned by the respondents, but regardless, they are proud of the progress overthe last years and they support future actions for tourism development
ABSTRACT:
Livestock in general and especially the poultry sector one of the pillars of the fundamental for achieving food security in the Kurdistan region and the province of Sulaymaniyah in terms of securing the animal protein needs in addition to the high nutritional value , where she dietary source of energy and provide essential amino acids and essential fatty acids for humans is considered.
The problem with research in the growing imbalance in the food balance of poultry meat as a result of the continued increase in demand for poultry meat and the lack of domestic production to fulfill it so it has the ability to raise prices, In addition to the severe decline in the production of poultry meat due to high production costs , especially feed costs and lack of domestic production competitive as a result of flooding the market with cheap products and the reluctance of investors to run their farms and the lack of support for the poultry industry in the region , And targeted research mainly study and analysis of the current status of the production of poultry meat in the province of Sulaymaniyah through the study of the most important factors affecting the production of poultry meat , and the study of the production cost structure for the production of poultry meat and then estimate the production cost function , has been relying on the statistical descriptive and quantitative in style description and analysis of the study data .
The research found many of the results , including:
1. The average fixed costs in four sessions system about 83.71 million dinars, equivalent to about 11.36 % of the average of total capacity for these costs and estimated at 737.04 million dinars , while the average variable costs estimated at 653.33 million dinars, equivalent to about 88.64 % of the total college costs ,
2. The average fixed costs in the three sessions of the system by about 79.02 million dinars, equivalent to about 15.17 % of the average of total costs of these farm capacity and estimated at 520.77 million dinars , average variable costs estimated at 441.75 million dinars, equivalent to about 84.82 % of the average total the total cost for this capacity.
3. The total flexibility to function production of about 1.07 , which means that investors these farms producing capacity in the first phase , a non-economic stage
4. as both the size of the holy profit and size optimized around 279.17, 258.77 tons, while the average amount of actual production at about 234.67 tons.
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