Publications

1 -Prevalence, Extension and Severity of the Gingival Recession in an Adult Population Sample of Sulaimani city– Iraq

Aram M. Hamed, Faredoon M. Zardawi & Shokhan A. Karim

Abstract

Objectives: to determine the prevalence, severity and extension of gingival recession in an adult population in Sulaimani city – Iraq.

Materials and Methods: 627 subjects, males and females were examined at Shorsh teaching hospital - dental center in Sulaimani city to determine the prevalence, severity and extension of gingival recession. The sample was divided into four age groups, group 1 (20 to 29 years) 232 patients, group 2 (30 to 39 years) 223 patients, group 3 (40 to 49 years) 128 patients and group 4 (above 50 years) 44 patients. A calibrated periodontal probe marked up to 15 mm was employed for measuring the amount of gingival recession from cementoenamel junction to the gingival margin on four surfaces of each tooth - mesial, buccal, distal and lingual. Miller’s classification was used to evaluate the severity of the recession.

Results: In this study a total of 249 subjects out of 627 recorded gingival recession. Whereas, 1453 teeth out of 6776 adding up to 2340 sites displayed (≥1 mm) gingival recession. Furthermore, the majority of older age group (≥ 50 years) sample revealed gingival recession (93.2%). Statistically gingival recession among male subjects were non-significantly higher than female subjects 46% against 34.5% respectively, whereas females recorded higher number of teeth and sites affected by gingival recession than males (823 teeth against 630 teeth and 1277 sites against 1063 sites). According to Miller’s classification, class one recession was most prevalent (55%) followed by class III (38.2%). According to age, Class I recessions decreased as age increased, however, Class III and Class IV recessions showed an increasing status as age increased. According to tooth type, mandibular central and lateral incisors showed the highest percentages of gingival recession (23.6% and 19.4%) respectively.

Conclusion: Prevalence of the gingival recession was high among the population examined in this study with a predilection for males. Gingival recession was more prevalent in higher age groups. Furthermore, mandibular central and lateral incisors were the most frequent teeth revealing recession among the total dentition. Sulaimani Dental Journal. SDJ, Vol 2 Issue !:June 2015

2-Periodontal Screening and Scoring Of Patients Attended Periodontal Clinic of School Of Dentistry at University Of Sulaimani. Faraedon M. Zardawi, Aram M. Hamad, Shamal S. Zorab, Dler A. Khursheed Abstract: Introduction: periodontal disease is usually a bacterial inflammatory disease in nature. Starting from gingivitis, if untreated it will progress to the surrounding structure of the teeth and end up with tooth loss. The early diagnosis of periodontal disease is a prerequisite for establishing successful treatment plan. The PSR assessment for every new patient may provide a plenty of information about the severity and extent of the disease within short time and easiest way. Aim and Objectives: To determine the prevalence of PSR score codes among the patients that attended Periodontal Department Clinics at School of Dentistry/ University of Sulaimani during year 2014-2015. Materials and Methods: Five hundred patients were divided into five groups according to their ages, two groups for sex differences and another two groups for smoking habits. WHO periodontal probe was used for evaluating PSR codes in all the six sextants for every patient and the maximum score code was recorded for each sextant. The informed consent was provided to be signed before commencement of treatment. Observations: Among these 500 patients, 278 were males, 222 were females, 422 were nonsmokers, and only 78 were smokers. The age group 2(20-40) constituted the majority of the attendee of about 70% followed by age group 1 (˂20 years old) of about 18%. Followed by age group 3 (40-60) 10% and (>60) only one percent respectively. The codes 2 and 1 constituted the majority of the codes among all sextants by (47.97%) and (39.86%) followed by code 3 (7.47%), zero (2.67%) and four (2.03) respectively. Chi square statistical test revealed highly significant relations (P<0.05) between the four age groups at all marked codes, no significant difference (p>0.05) found between male and female among all codes, but recorded highly significant differences (P<0.05) between smokers and nonsmokers at all codes. It also revealed high significant relations between all PSR codes and all six sextants. Conclusions: The study shows high prevalence of calculus deposition and gingival bleeding among all PSR codes including all age groups and both sexes. The smokers showed lesser bleeding and more calculus deposition comparing to nonsmokers. IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS) e-ISSN: 2279-0853, p-ISSN: 2279-0861.Volume 14, Issue 8 Ver. I (Aug. 2015), PP 71-75 www.iosrjournals.org

3- In-Vitro Evaluation of the Cytotoxicity of Binders and Powder Used in 3D Colour Printing of Maxillofacial Soft Tissue Prostheses Faraedon M Zardawi, Nishant Yadev, Richard van Noort and Julian M Yates. Abstract: Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate biocompatibility of the binders ‘ZB58’ and the starch powder ‘ZP15e’ used by the Z510 colour printer for printing soft tissue facial prostheses. Materials and Methods: Biocompatibility was investigated by testing four binders and the powder at three c oncentrations on two cell lines (ROS - osteoblasts and L929 - fibroblasts). The binders and the powder were exposed to the cells for 3, 5 and 7 days, after which the cells were treated with 10% Alamar Blue. Binder and powder toxicity was measured as a comparison against the uninfected media only cell control. Results: The Alamar Blue assays for the ROS and L929 cell line for all days no significant toxic effects were observed at lower binders and powder concentrations. However there was evidence of reduction in all cell vitality at higher concentrations and it appears to be more pronounced at seven days exposure Conclusion: The Alamar Blue assay highlighted the potential toxic effect of the four coloured binders and at less extent the powder used in the manufacture of soft tissue facial prostheses when used in high concentrations when applied on two types of cell lines used in this study (ROS and L929). This effect was most pronounced for the clear binder at seven days exposure.Clinical significance: Further work will need to be carried out to determine if the binder is able to leach out of the soft tissue prostheses at concentrations that may cause a local tissue reaction.

www.iosrjournals.org

IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS) -e-ISSN: 2279-0853, p-ISSN: 2279-0861.Volume 14, Issue 8 Ver. I (Aug. 2015), PP 59-64

4- Primary Hyperparathyroidism Presented as Central Giant Cell Granuloma of Jaw Bones. A Report of Three Cases

Ibrahim Saeed Gataa And Faraedon M. Zardawi

Abstract: Three cases of primary hyperparathyroidism presented as central giant cell granuloma of the jaw bones with various clinical manifestations and systemic background of the patients. Generally the mandible affected more by these lesions in this report two of the cases affect the maxilla, while the third case affects both upper and lower jaws. The diagnosis was confirmed by radiographical and laboratory investigation. Multifocal giant granuloma of the jaw bones is indicative of systemic diseases such as hyperparathyroidism or other disorders. Therefore, a careful examination will usually allow adequate differentiation between both lesions and to exclude or confirm hyperparathyroidism.

IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences (IOSR-JDMS) e-ISSN: 2279-0853, p-ISSN: 2279-0861.Volume 14, Issue 7 Ver. VIII (July. 2015), PP 75-79 : 1.58 Impact Factor

http://www.iosrjournals.org/

5- Article: Mechanical Properties Of 3d Printed Facial Prostheses Compared To Handmade Silicone Polymer Prostheses Faraedon M. Zardawi, Kaida Xiao, Richard Van Noort, Julian M Yates ABSTRACT: Purpose: To evaluate the mechanical properties of the 3D printed starch models infiltrated with maxillofacial silicone polymers used for fabrication of maxillofacial prostheses compared to the mechanical properties of pure silicone polymer models. Materials and methods: The test and control specimens were designed according to industry standards ASTM specifications using SolidWorks 2008 software for testing tensile strength tear strength, percentage elongation and hardness properties of starch infiltrated silicone polymer. Ten Dumbbell-shaped specimens and ten Trouser-shaped specimens with four hardness test specimens were printed by Zcorp 510 3D printer and infiltrated with Sil-25 maxillofacial silicone polymer. Whereas, control samples made from pure Sil-25 silicone polymers using a stainless steel mould and following a similar specification of test specimens. Lloyd LRX tensile instrument; load rating 100 N at a constant crosshead speed of 25 mm/min for testing tensile, tear strength and percentage elongation and Hardness Tester (England) was used to measure shore A durometer hardness. Results: Silicone polymer infiltrated starch (test) specimens demonstrated significantly lower tensile strength, tear strength and percentage elongation than the pure silicone polymer (control) samples (p<0.05). However, a significant increase (p<0.05) in the hardness of the printed specimens was recorded against the pure silicone samples.European Journal of Scientific Research 05/2015; 11(12). · 0.74 Impact Factor

6- Article: Peripheral Giant Cell Granuloma of the Palatal Gingiva-A Case Report

Abdulkareem H. Alwan, Faraedon M. zardawi

ABSTRACT: Abstract: The peripheral giant cell granuloma is a reactive exophitic polyploidy or multi nodular red purple nodules in the oral cavity, proliferates under local irritation and trauma. The present case was a slowly enlarging gingival mass with a reddish-purple surfaceis observed at the palatal gingiva in a school-girl of three months duration. Recently it started to interfere with mastication processas the size of the lesion was enlarged. Periapical radiography revealed crestal bone loss between the teeth 21 and 22. However, hematological examination revealed normal serum level of calcium, phosphorous and alkaline phosphatase and the condition was diagnosed as a benign peripheral giant cell granuloma after surgical excision of the mass and histopathology. A follow up schedule was arranged for the patient for checking recurrence and there was no evidence of recurrent.

IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences 04/2015; · 1.58 Impact Factor

6- Article: Oral Mucosal and Periodontal Changes of Patients under Treatment with Manual Invisalign and Fixed Labial Orthodontic Appliances

Azhar Gh. Ahmed, Faraedon M. Zardawi, Ghadah N. Mohammed

ABSTRACT: Abstract: Today’s orthodontic appliance has a move toward more aesthetic designs and materials. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the adverse effects of two orthodontic treatment modalities - manual invisalign and fixed labial orthodontic appliances on the oral mucosa and periodontal health status. Patients and Methods: The study sample comprised 60 healthy patients (48 female and 12 male) attended an orthodontic private clinic in Sulaimani city- Iraq. This study was implemented to analyze and compare the adverse effects of two treatment modalities; manual invisalign (MIA) and fixed labial orthodontic appliances(FLOA) on oral health status using T-tests. Plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI) and probing pocket depth (PPD) were used for a periodontal evaluation, whereas oral mucosal lesions were evaluated via a thorough oral examination and a questioner based assessment. Results: Patients with manual invisalign appliances (MIA) presented significantly lower GI, PI and PPD compared to those with fixed labial orthodontic appliances (FLOA) (0.63, 0.83 and 1.66 mm) against (0.98, 1.21 and 1.99 mm) respectively. Furthermore, FLOA recorded total of (21) traumatic ulcers (70%) in opposition to 6 (20%) for MIA; these ulcers were mainly recorded from check and lips. Check and lip traumatic ulcers caused by FLOA were (15, 5) respectively against (2, 1) for MIA. Number of aphthous ulcers also found to be higher with FLOA than MIA (10 to 4) respectively. Additionally, the study recorded (4) cases of hyperkeratotic lesions beside (3) cases of mucosal overgrowth of the check for patients wearing FLOA. Conclusions: Patient treated with manual invisalign orthodontic appliances presented significantly fewer periodontal and oral mucosa lesions than patients with fixed labial orthodontic appliances.

IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences 03/2015; · 1.58 Impact Factor

7- Article: Skin Colour Analysis of Iraqi Kurdish Population

Faraedon Zardawi, Kaida Xiao, Julian M. Yates

ABSTRACT: Objective: Skin colour measurement and analysis was performed for Iraqi Kurdish population in sulaimani city. The purpose of this study was to produce a dedicated skin shade guide for precise colour reproduction and colour matching of maxillofacial prostheses with the patient’s original skin colour. Methodology: A skin colour measurement was undertaken for 140 subjects (73 female and 67 male). A method of capturing their (L* a* b*) colour values from nine body parts was performed using a Minolta CM-2600d spectrophotometer and a colour Data Software. The study sample aged between 18 to 50 years from Sulaimani city representing a Kurdish population of the north of Iraq. A comparison was made between (L* a* b*) colour values of the face and arm and between male and female shades. Data analysed using Independent-samples T-Test. Furthermore this study aimed at employing the performed data for suggesting a dedicated skin shade guide for the population examined in this study. Results: A significant difference between facial and arm colour was identified. Facial colour found to be more reddish and colourful but darker than arm colour. Furthermore, collected data showed lighter female colour than males. Variations in skin colour of the study population were detected, body area differences and gender differences found to have a significant effect on the skin colour formulation of the study population. Based on colour data obtained, a skin shade guide was suggested for the population examined in this study. Conclusions: A consistent colour shift in Kurdish population between facial and arm colour in which facial colour found to be reddish, more colourful, and darker than arm colour. Females are found to have a lighter colour than males. A dedicated skin shade guide was developed and suggested for Kurdish population based on a comprehensive colour gamut that was determined in this study

JODR. Journal Of Oral And Dental Research. Zardawi JODR Issue1, Volume 2, 2015

8- Article: A retrospective panoramic study for alveolar bone loss among young adults in Sulaimani City, Iraq

Faraedon M. Zardawi, Alaa N. Aboud, Dler A. Khursheed

ABSTRACT: Objective: to determine the prevalence of alveolar bone crest loss among a selected sample of archival orthopantomography (OPG) in relation to number of sites affected and gender in Sulaimani City. Materials and methods: A retrospective study was conducted with an inclusive period running from March to December 2007 to determine the prevalence of alveolar bone loss among 1072 subjects on panoramic radiographs. Panoramic images were sampled at the radiological archive of Dental School Hospital–University of Sulaimani for a selected age class ranged from 17 to 30 years. Bone loss was estimated by measuring the distance from cementoenamel junction (CEJ) minus 2 mm (physiologic high of interseptal alveolar crest) to the crest of the alveolar bone at sites with reduced normal level of interseptal bone. Total bone loss was divided into two groups according to number of sites affected; group one (1-3) sites showing bone loss per panoramic radiograph, and group 2 showing bone loss at more than 3 sites. Samples were also divided into two age groups; group one from 17 to 23 years and group two from 24 to 30 years. Moreover, bone loss was determined according to gender into male and female and number of sites affected for each gender. Results: results showed that 347 images – 30.2% of the total images showed bone loss at one site or more. 14.6% of the images revealed bone loss at 1-3 sites, whereas, 15.6% demonstrated bone loss at more than 3 sites. Percentage of bone loss was significantly higher (P=0.001) among group two (24-30 years old group) than group one (17-23 years old group) 38% against 25% respectively. Female’s radiographs recorded a non-significantly higher (P>0.05) bone loss than male’s radiographs 31.7% against 28.7% respectively. Conclusion: prevalence of bone loss among young adults in Sulaimani City was relatively high compared to other published reports. There was a predilection for female. Bone loss was more prevalent at (24-30 years old group) compared to (17-23 years old group).

Sulaimani Dental Journal. SDJ, 2014: 1:94-98

9- Article: Investigation of Elastomer Infiltration into 3D Printed Facial Soft Tissue Prostheses

Faraedon M Zardawi, Kaida Xiao, Richard Van Noort, Julian M Yates

ABSTRACT: Objectives: 3D colour printing, a method of additive manufacturing, has been developed and utilised to produce facial soft tissue prostheses. This was achieved by layered fabrication of a biocompatible powder held together by an aqueous binder containing a resin and coloured inks, followed by infiltration with a medical grade silicone polymer. The aim of this study was to investigate the elastomer infiltration depths within the 3D printed models. Methods: Three sets of 30 cubes – 20x20x20 mm – were used to investigate the infiltration depth of Sil-25 maxillofacial silicone polymer (an MSP) under atmospheric pressure, 2 bar and 3 bar pressure for 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 min. The investigation was also repeated with two other MSPs – Promax-10 and M-3428 – under 3 bar pressure. Following infiltration, the cubes were bisected, the internal aspects stained with dye, and the infiltration depth measured using a travelling microscope. Infiltration quality was also assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results: At standard atmospheric pressure, the maximum infiltration depth of Sil-25 was 1.45 mm after 25 min. However, after 25 min at 2 and 3 bars pressure, the infiltration depth increased to 3.9 mm and 8.7 mm, respectively. At 3 bars the infiltration depth of Promax-10 and M-3428 was 2.4 mm and 7.5 mm, respectively. In all samples SEM revealed a disorganised distribution of starch particles within the MSP infiltrate. Significance: Pressure significantly increased the infiltration rate and depth of the MSPs within 3D printed constructs. The infiltration depth obtained is sufficient for prostheses that are less than 16 mm thick.

Zardawi et al., Anaplastology 2015, 4:1

http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2161-1173.1000139

Anaplastology. ISSN:2161-1173 Anaplastology, an open access.Volum 4

10- Article: Developing a 3D colour image reproduction system for additive manufacturing of facial prostheses

Kaida Xiao, Faraedon Zardawi, Richard van Noort, Julian M. Yates

ABSTRACT: In this study, a new 3D colour image reproduction system is proposed for the automated and accurate additive manufacturing of soft tissue facial prostheses. A framework of 3D colour image reproduction was defined and a protocol for each sub-process was developed for this specific application. Colour management processes were developed and integrated into the proposed 3D image reproduction system; colour profiles for both the 3dMD photogrammetry system and the Z Corp Z510 3D printer were established utilising conventional colour reproduction techniques for 2D images. The soft tissue prototypes of both nose and ear prostheses were produced using the proposed system. The quality of prostheses was evaluated. The results show that the protocol used in the 3D manufacturing process was capable of producing accurate skin colour with fine textures and 3D shape, with significant savings in both time and cost.

International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 02/2014; 70(9-12). DOI:10.1007/s00170-013-5448-1 · 1.78 Impact Factor

11- Article: Colour reproduction for advanced manufacture of soft tissue prostheses.

Kaida Xiao, Faraedon Zardawi, Richard van Noort, Julian M Yates

ABSTRACT: OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to develop a colour reproduction system in advanced manufacture technology for accurate and automatic processing of soft tissue prostheses. METHODS: The manufacturing protocol was defined to effectively and consistently produce soft tissue prostheses using a 3D printing system. Within this protocol printer colour profiles were developed using a number of mathematical models for the proposed 3D colour printing system based on 240 training colours. On this basis, the colour reproduction system was established and their system errors including accuracy of colour reproduction, performance of colour repeatability and colour gamut, were evaluated using 14 known human skin shades. RESULTS: The printer colour profile developed using the third-order polynomial regression based on least-square fitting provided the best model performance. The results demonstrated that by using the proposed colour reproduction system, 14 different skin colours could be reproduced and excellent colour reproduction performance achieved. Evaluation of the system's colour repeatability revealed a demonstrable system error and this highlighted the need for regular evaluation. The colour gamut for the proposed 3D printing system was simulated and it was demonstrated that the vast majority of skin colours can be reproduced with the exception of extreme dark or light skin colour shades. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that the proposed colour reproduction system can be effectively used to reproduce a range of human skin colours for application in advanced manufacture of soft tissue prostheses.

Journal of dentistry 05/2013; DOI:10.1016/j.jdent.2013.04.008 · 2.84 Impact Factor

12- Article: Colour management system for displaying microscope images

Kaida Xiao, Fareadon Zardawi, Julian M. Yates

ABSTRACT: A four stages colour management system is developed in order to truly display microscope images on a display and to objectively assess colour properties for cytology samples. By using 35 stained glasses, the colour outputs of two microscopes were simulated. Each stage of the processing was performed and the microscope images captured by two different microscope camera systems were reproduced to a single LCD panel. The management system evaluated was found to be effective in terms of colour image reproduction and could be applied to situations when objective assessment is required.

Displays 10/2012; 33(s 4–5):214–220. DOI:10.1016/j.displa.2012.03.001 · 1.21 Impact Factor

13- Article: Investigation of Chinese skin colour and appearance for skin colour reproduction

Kaida Xiao, Ningfang Liao, Faraedon Zardawi, Haoxue Liu,Richard Van Noort, Zhixiong Yang, Min Huang, Julian M Yates

ABSTRACT: A Chinese skin colour database is established based on measurements taken from nine bodies areas of 202 Chinese individuals to move towards accurate skin colour reproduction. The colour appearance of each skin point is predicted, and a comprehensive colour gamut for Chinese skin is determined. A consistent colour shift between facial and arm colours is identified, in which facial colour tends to be more reddish, more colourful, and darker than arm colour. Moreover, Chinese females are found to have lighter, paler, and more yellowish skin than Chinese males. Variations in Chinese skin colour are quantified, and body area differences and gender differences are shown to have significant effects on Chinese skin colour.

Chinese Optics Letters 07/2012; 10(8):083301. DOI:10.3788/COL201210.083301 · 1.85 Impact Factor

13- An investigation into non carious tooth wear and associated clinical findings

Volume 3, Issue 1 2016, Faraedon M. Zardawi

Abstract:

Introduction: Non carious lesions are multicausal clinical status with wide diversity of prevalence among individuals and populations. Several etiologic backgrounds may simultaneously play role in the incidence of this condition. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of non carious tooth wear and to point out the strength of correlation between occlusal, incisal and cervical tooth wears and the most eminent associated clinical findings. Materials and methods: 338 patients 174 male and 164 female their age ranged from 20 to an opened range over 50 years were examined by one examiner. A comprehensive dental and periodontal examination was performed to identify presence and extension of non carious lesions by applying simplified scoring criteria for tooth wear index. Examination of hypersensitivity was performed by applying Wong-Backer faces pain rating scale. A questionnaire form included information regarding oral hygiene performance, type of tooth brush, method and frequency of tooth brushing. Dietary habits such as snakes and acidic food or drink consumption. Parafunction and smoking habit was also included. (Chi Square test) was applied to present the strength of association between tooth wear and the other variables investigated in this study.

Results: A significant association was detected between the 3 types of tooth wear. These lesions are age dependent with no significant differences in their incidence between male and female. Frequency and type of tooth brush found to have a significant effect on non carious tooth wear. Furthermore, the study recorded significant relations of tooth wear to parafunction, extracted posterior teeth and gingival recession. However, no significant relation was detected between tooth wear and some other variables examined in this study such as dietary habits acid food and drink, smoking, dental caries, gingival bleeding and periodontal pockets. Conclusion: Several causes found to participate in the occurrence of tooth wear. Frequently develops under functional and parafunctional occlusal and incisal contact between the teeth in maxillary and mandibular arch that wear enamel and dentine away with age. It also weakens dental structure at the cervical portion of the teeth to wear off under the effect of tooth brushing and acid food and drink

14- Self-Perceived Oral Malodorous among Sulaimani Dental Students - Faraedon M. Zardawi, Dler A. Khursheed and Shamal S. Zorab

Abstract

Oral malodorous is a common public problem, which is well recognized at dental clinics that pose considerable psychological distress to the sufferers. The aim of this study was to determine self-experience oral malodorous among dental students and to consider their knowledge toward its etiology and management. A questionnaire-based study was conducted on dental students to assess their experience of oral bad breath, how they accept the problem, how people around them react to their problem and what are the measures applied by the sufferers to overcome the problem of bad breath. Furthermore, this study attempted to record the psychological impact of oral bad breath on our students. The questioner examined students’ knowledge on cause of malodorous and factors (systemic and habits) that associated with it. Three hundred students answered the questioner and the frequency of oral bad breath was 33% experienced bad breath and 41.7 had a positive answer for having bad breath in past. Only 27% of the sufferers had been told about having bad breath by people around them. 31.7% sensed uncomfortable, 45%) sensed sad and 23.1% of suffers started taking and immediate action to controlling their bad breath when they have been told about it. Number of student suffering from oral malodorous and those provided history of halitosis wasn’t trivial. Furthermore, oral malodorous found to burden the sufferers psychologically; they were uncomfortable and have been embarrassed frequently by the response of their surrounding people.

Biomedical & Pharmacology Journal, September 2018. Vol. 11(3), p. 1675-1680

15-

Prevalence and Distribution of Gingival Pyogenic Granuloma in Sulaimani population- Kurdistan Region -Iraq

ABDULKAREEM HUSSAIN ALWAN1,FARAEDON M. ZARDAWI2, SARHANG S. GUL3 and AFNAN ABDULKAREEM HUSSAINi

ABSTRACT

Pyogenic granuloma is an inflammatory hyperplastic lesion seen in the oral cavity. It is commonly appear in the gingiva. The objectives of the research was to determine the percent of gingival pyogenic granuloma in the population of Sulaimani city -Iraq in relation to gender, age, pregnancy ,systemic diseases ,oral hygiene and site of occurrence of pyogenic granuloma. Materials and Methods: In this study the total stratified sample [1136 (568 male +568 female] and the randomly selected sample [248 (124 male and 124 female their age range (from 10 to 70 year) .They were examined orally for inspection of gingival pyogenic granuloma and determination of oral hygiene. The percent of the total sample with gingival pyogenic granuloma was (11.3%). Most of patients with gingival pyogenic granuloma was in females in their Second decade. The highest percent of gingival pyogenic granuloma was found in buccal gingiva in upper jaw. Highly significant relationship was found between gingival pyogenic granuloma and its’ history. There was significant correlation between gingival pyogenic granuloma and oral hygiene status and systemic condition.

Biomedical & Pharmacology Journal Vol. 11(1), 105-111 (2018)

16- Double lip A review of literature and a case report

Faraedon M. Zardawi1 , Sarhang S. Gul1 , Balen J. Hama2 . Dler A. Khursheed1

Abstract Ascher’s syndrome is a rare congenital anomaly causes recurrent edema of the upper eyelid resulting in blepharochalasis in one hand and similar edema of the lip resulting in a double lip on the other hand. Double lip is characterized by two soft, flabby masses of tissue on either side of the midline of the lip. This anomaly primarily causes an aesthetic problem, and it becomes more apparent during speak and smile. Thus, unaesthetic appearance remains the main patients’ complain for surgical correction. A 33-years-old male patient complained gradual enlargement of his upper lip resulting in unpleasant appearance causing him embarrassment during smile and speech. The patient was systemically healthy no history of systemic diseases, no family history for the reported condition. Clinical examination revealed bilateral blepharochalasis clinically presented as atrophy of redundant upper eyelid skin with an obvious double upper lip at rest with the inflated appearance on smiling. Based on patient’s demand for enhancing appearance and smile, surgical treatment of the double lip by transverse elliptical incisions from both commissures to the midline was performed in order to reduce the excessive bulk of redundant tissues. Ten days later, sutures removed, healing was more than satisfactory, and treatment resulted in improved esthetic with high patient satisfaction.

Sulaimani Dent J. 2019;5(2):39-43

17- Significance of Width of Keratinized Mucosa on Peri-Implant Tissue Health: A Cross-Sectional Study

Mohammed T. Fatih1, Faraedon M. Zardawi2, Sarhang S. Gul2

Abstract

Objective: Impact of the width of keratinized mucosa on peri-implant health is controversial. Thus, the aim of this study is to determine the impact of the width of keratinized mucosa on the health status of the peri-implant tissue.

Methods: Thirty-nine patients with one hundred fifty-seven dental implants with loading time ranged between 1 to 9 years were recruited. Clinical examinations included plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing pocket depth (PPD), the width of keratinized mucosa (WKM), buccal mucosal recession (MR) and radiographic bone loss (RBL). Statistical analysis was accomplished with bivariate Pearson correlation test and chi-square test. The result was considered statistically significant when the p-value was ≤ 0.05.

Results: The mean PI, BOP, MR and RBL were significantly higher for those dental implants with < 2 mm keratinized mucosa compared to those with more than 2 mm WKM. While there was no significant relation between PPD and WKM, statistically significant association between WKM and PI, BOP and MR were found, whereas, no significant relations were detected between WKM and PPD and RBL.

Conclusions: A significant association between WKM and peri-implant tissue health was found. Dental implants with a sufficient WKM >2mm facilitate better oral hygiene measures and better peri-implant health. The augmentation of mucosal tissue for those dental implants with insufficient WKM can provide better prognosis and may extend the life expectancy of the implant

Sulaimani Dent J. 2019;6(1):21-28.

18- Assessment of Creeping Attachment after Free Gingival Graft in Treatment of Isolated Gingival Recession

Sarhang Sarwat Gul1,2*, Faraedon Mostafa Zardawi1, Aram Mohammed Sha1, Aras Maruf Rauf

Abstract

Background: The aim of this longitudinal clinical study is to determine the amount of creeping attachment and its relation to baseline recession depth after free gingival graft (FGG) placed apical to class I, II and III Miller’s recession.

Materials and methods: Twenty subjects with Miller class I, II and III gingival recession requiring FGG were recruited in this longitudinal clinical study. Site specific clinical parameters (pocket depth, depth and width of gingival recession and width of keratinized gingiva apical to the recession) were recorded at baseline, 3 month and 6 month time points by digital caliper. All subjects received pre-surgical motivation, oral hygiene instruction, scaling and root surface debridement. Standard FGG technique was performed on all subjects. Pearson correlation was used to determine correlation between the amount of recession reduction at the six-month and baseline clinical parameters.

Results: Sixteen subjects completed the six-month interval. FGG resulted in significant improvements in all clinical parameters except pocket depth. Recession depth showed significant reduction from 3.14±1.16mm at baseline to 1.87±0.92mm at the six-month time point (P= 0.001) and the amount of reduction significantly correlated to the depth of recession at baseline (r= 0.66, P=0.01).

Conclusions: FGG procedure apical to recession area resulted in significant decrease of recession depth by creeping attachment and the amount of creeping attachment associated with baseline recession depth.

Journal of the International Academy of Periodontology 2019 21/0: 1–7

Background: Accurate skin colour measurements are impor- tant for numerous medical applications including the diagnosis and treatment of cutaneous disorders and the provision of maxillofacial soft tissue prostheses.gamut is smallest in the Chinese sample and largest in the Caucasian sample, with the Chinese gamut lying entirely the Caucasian gamut. Similarly, the largest variability in skin tones is found in the Caucasian group, and the smallest in the Chi- nese group. Methods: In this study, we obtained accurate skin colour mea- surements from four different ethnic groups (Caucasian, Chi- nese, Kurdish, Thai) and at four different body locations (Forehead, cheek, inner arm, back of hand) with a view of estab- lishing a new skin colour database for medical and cosmetic applications. Skin colours are measured using a spectropho- tometer and converted to a device-independent standard colour appearance space (CIELAB) where skin colour is expressed as values along the three dimensions: Lightness L*, Redness a* and Yellowness b*. Skin colour differences and variation are then evaluated as a function of ethnicity and body location. Results: We report three main results: (1) When plotted in a standard colour appearance space (CIELAB), skin colour distri- butions for the four ethnic groups overlap significantly, although there are systematic mean differences. Between eth- nicities, the most significant skin colour differences occur along the yellowness dimension, with Thai skin exhibiting the highest yellowness (b*) value and Caucasian skin the lowest value. Facial redness (a*) is invariant across the four ethnic groups. (2) Between different body locations, there are significant vari- ations in redness (a*), with the forehead showing the highest redness value and the inner arm the lowest. (3) The colour

Conclusion: Broadly speaking, skin colour variation can be explained by two main factors: individual differences in light- ness and yellowness are mostly due to ethnicity, whereas dif- ferences in redness are primarily due to different body locations. Variations in lightness are more idiosyncratic proba- bly reflecting the large influence of environmental factors such as exposure to sun.

Key words: skin appearance – skin colour – calibrated skin data base – ethnicity – body location – skin colour variation – colour space – skin variation – skin colour differences

This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, pro- vided the original work is properly cited.

! 2016 The Authors. Skin Research and Technology Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd

Accepted for publication 20 April 2016

Skin Research and Technology 2016; 0: 1–9 © 2016 The Authors. Skin Research and

Conference papers

1-Conference Paper: CAD/CAM Design and Manufacture of Maxillofacial Soft Tissue Prostheses Using 3D Color Printing

Julian M Yates, Kaida Xaio, Fareadon Zardawi, David Wildgoose,Richard van Noort, Fripp Design, Research Limited

ABSTRACT: abstract: 1 Purpose: A collaborative research team at the University of Sheffield and Fripp Design and Research Ltd, a Sheffield based industrial design company; have developed a method of manufacturing facial soft tissue prostheses using CAD/CAM and additive manufacturing techniques with the use of 3D color printing. This has been achieved by layered fabrication of a biocompatible powder held together by an aqueous binder containing a resin and colored inks, and then processed with a medical grade silicone polymer. The scope of this project was to utilize modern CAD/CAM and manufacturing technologies to enhance and support the traditional skills of the maxillofacial anaplastologist and provide a method of provision where these skills are not available. Method: Data capture: Three dimensional patient data (geometry and color) was captured using a 3D camera system (3dMD, UK). Alternative methods of capturing/replacing missing facial tissues using stock CAD images or “mirrored” facial parts were also utilized. Additional color information was also captured using 2D photography, and data utilized within the CAD/CAM process. Data manipulation: CAD manipulation of the captured data was then undertaken using both standard and project specific computer software to refine the shape of the potential prosthesis, provide an optimal fitting surface (facial contour and feathered edge), attachment points (for magnets or bars), create surface texture and provide the patient specific color to the prosthesis. Manufacture: To manufacture the prosthesis 3D color printing was then used to achieve layered fabrication of a biocompatible powder held together by aqueous binders containing resin and colored inks. This was then processed with a medical grade silicone polymer in order to produce the final prosthesis. Final touches were then made using matting dispersion solution if required. Results: The development of this unique and innovative method utilizing additive 3D color printing has allowed the research team to produce custom made/ patient specific silicone based facial soft tissue prostheses. The prostheses produced are biocompatible, lightweight, flexible, color matched and can utilize attachment points to increase retention. Furthermore, it allows for the utilization of patient and stock prostheses to be stored electronically in an image library for subsequent prosthesis replacement. This results in a significant reduction in both production time and cost. Conclusion: CAD/CAM and additive manufacturing techniques – 3D color printing, have been used to successfully produce custom made lifelike facial soft tissue prostheses. Clinical significance: This method of soft tissue prosthesis production may supplement or enhance those methods already employed by anaplastologists. Furthermore, it may also allow for the provision of prostheses in areas where these skills are not available. abstract: 2 A research team at the University of Sheffield with the help and support Fripp Design and Research, a Sheffield based Industrial Design Company; have developed a novel method of manufacturing soft tissue facial prostheses using additive manufacturing with the use of 3D color printing. This has been achieved by layered fabrication of a starch powder held together by an aqueous binder containing a resin and inks and then infiltrated with a medical grade silicone polymer. Earlier work has shown that the prosthesis thus produced does not cause any cytotoxic reaction. However, the powders and the binders employed by the printer are used for industrial rather than medical applications. To date, these powders and binders have not been tested for their suitability in medical applications. Therefore the aim of this study was to evaluate the biocompatibility of the binders used in the printing of these soft tissue facial prostheses. Biocompatibility was investigated by testing four binders (clear, magenta, cyan and yellow) at three concentrations (0.1, 0.5 and 1.0%) on two cell lines (ROS -osteoblasts and L929 - fibroblasts). The binders were exposed to the cells for 3, 5 and 7 days, after which the cells were treated with 10% Alamar Blue (Invitrogen, UK) and incubated for 4 h. After this time, samples from each test were placed into a 96-well plate, and the fluorescence intensity of each well was 26th Annual IAA Conference / 31measured using a fluorescent plate reader (InfiniteR 200 PRO, Tecan, Reading, UK) at an excitation wavelength of 570 nm and emission wavelength of 600 nm. Binder toxicity was measured as a comparison against the uninfected media only cell control. The Alamar Blue assays of the binders are shown in Table 1 and Table 2 for the ROS cell line and the L929 cell line respectively. For the ROS cell line for all days no significant toxic effects were observed at a binder concentration of 0.1% when compared with the control group. At a 0.5% concentration of the four binders there is evidence of a reduction in cell viability and it appears to be more pronounced at seven days, especially for the clear binder. At 1.0% concentration the clear binder showed a toxic effect at 3, 5 and 7 days, becoming most pronounced at seven days, causing complete cell death. The results for the L929 cell line were very similar in that an increase in concentration an exposure time resulted in measurable cell death and again the clear binder caused a more significant reduction in cell viability than the other binders. The Alamar Blue assay highlighted the potentially toxic effect for the four colored binders used in the manufacture of soft tissue facial prostheses when used in concentrations greater than 0.1%. This effect was most pronounced for the clear binder at seven days exposure. There was no difference in the results obtained with the two types of cell lines used in this study (ROS and L929).

26th Annual IAA Conference, NH Belfort Hotel Ghent, Belgium; 05/2012

2-Conference Paper: Development Of A Skin Colour Gamut For Skin Colour Reproduction

K. XIAO, F. ZARDAWI, R. VAN NOORT, J. YATES

ABSTRACT: Objectives: The purpose of this study was to establish a unique colour gamut for human skin in order to provide a basic guideline for developing a fully automated method of manufacturing soft tissue prostheses using advanced manufacturing technologies. Methods: Ethics approval was obtained from the University of Sheffield UREC to carry out this study on volunteers. A target was set to obtain direct colour measurements from 100 individuals from each of six ethnic groups. The measurements were conducted by using a CM 2600d spectrophotometer under standard D65 illuminant. Both CIE XYZ tristimulus values and spectral reflectance were measured for each subject for 9 different body positions on the face and arms. An advanced colour appearance model was adopted to predict human perceptual attributes for skin colour and a 3D colour gamut was constructed using a Segment Maxima GBD (SMGBD). Results: To date we have collected data for 49 Caucasians and the preliminary colour gamut for this ethnic group has been determined. The main variation for skin colours was in the value of the hue, while chroma was the most consistent attribute across the group. A consistent colour shift between facial colour and the colour of the arm was identified. There is a clear trend that the facial colour tends to have a more enhanced red component when compared to the arm colour - indicated by a significant shift in hue and chroma whilst lightness is maintained. Conclusion: The development of a skin colour gamut for Caucasians has been achieved by direct colour measurement, colour appearance prediction and 3D reconstructions. Further data collection is required to establish the colour gamut for other ethnic groups.

British Society for Oral and Dental Research 2011; 09/2011

3-Conference Paper: Evaluation of The Durability of A Maxillofacial Silicone Elastomer

F. ZARDAWI, K. XIAO, R. VAN NOORT, J. YATES

ABSTRACT: Aim: To test the effect of UV light and weathering conditions on the mechanical properties and colour stability of a maxillofacial silicone polymer. Materials & Methods: Samples (n=6) for tensile strength, tear strength and hardness were manufactured from Sil-25 using customized stainless steel moulds designed according to ASTM specifications and tested using a tensile tester (Lloyd instruments LRX Mod.23), and hardness tester (Sure A Durometer 4478). Coloured silicone discs, representing 5 ethnic skin tones, were also fabricated using S/S moulds (25x6 mm). L*a*b* and ΔE were then measured using a Minolta spectrophotometer (CM-2600d). Properties were measured before and after exposure to UVL and weathering conditions in a Q-U-V accelerated weathering tester (ASTM G154) for 1 week and 6 weeks - equivalent to approximately 3 years and 18 years exposure in natural conditions respectively. Results: The average value of both the tensile and tear strength were significantly reduced after 1 and 6 weeks exposure. In contrast, both the % of elongation and hardness increased after 6 weeks of exposure. Furthermore. 6 weeks exposure resulted in a considerable shift in L*a*b* values (ΔE=12.52) with the a* and b* values reduced more than L*. This indicates a loss of red and yellow components and a deterioration towards a lighter tone within the coloured silicone samples. No significant effect was detected after one week exposure to UV light and weathering conditions. Conclusion: Six weeks exposure to UVL and weathering condition resulted in a demonstrable deterioration in the mechanical properties and colour stability of Sil-25 silicone polymer. These changes were noticeably less after one-week exposure. Therefore Sil-25 has a limited capability of withstanding exposure to these conditions.

British Society for Oral and Dental Research 2011; 09/2011

4- Conference Paper: Evaluation of snail shell granulates as a bone substitute material

F. Zardawi, N. Talabani, D. Ali

ABSTRACT: objectives: Bone substitute materials are used widely in oral and maxillofacial surgeries. Calcium carbonate containing bone substitute materials have been used recently for treating bone defects. The material has osteoconductive property but not osteogenicity and osteoinductivity. Calcium carbonate is the major component of snail shells and corals. This material is used because it resembles an organic phase of the bone. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of snail shell granulate as a bone substitute material in noncritical sized bone defects of rabbits. Methods: the snail shells were collected nearby a shallow water, cleaned and dried and granulated by mortal and pestle. The material tested chemically and physically and for biocompatibility in the skin of 6 rabbits at two different times, 6 and 9 days. Femur bone of 28 adult rabbets was used as implant site. 2 holes (3mm depth and 3 mm width) on the right femur bone were created, one hole left empty (control) and the other served as test site. Each week, 3 rabbits were scarified by giving ketamine overdose. The femur bone were exposed, the specimens collected and placed in 10% buffered formalin solution. Then decalcified, processed and embedded in paraffin wax. The slides were made and photographed by light digital microscope. Results: snail shell granulates showed that the material contained about 97% calcium carbonate which arranged as aragonite crystals. The biocompatibility tests showed foreign body like granulomatous reaction but not acute inflammatory reaction. . At day 21 the control holes were healed (closed) while the test groups healed (closed) at day 28. The amount of granulomatous reactions was reduced as the amount of material reduced each week. Conclusions: The material showed good biocompatibility and good resorption rate properties. The material effective as osteoconductive but not shown any sosteogenicity and osteoconductivity.

IADR (International Association for Dental Researches) General Session 2010; 07/2010

5- Conference Paper: Regenerative Periodontal Therapy

Faraedon Mohidden Mostafa

ABSTRACT: Loss of periodontal attachment due to periodontitis has long been considered irreversible. The conventional surgical periodontal therapy usually results in healing by long junctional epithelium (repair) rather than regeneration and new attachment formation. Although recently, regeneration of periodontal ligament fibers (PDL) has been achieved by application of the biological principle of guided tissue and guided bone regeneration by using the resorbable, slowly resorbable and non-resorbable membranes that prevent down growth of epithelium into the surgical zone during the healing phase, thus provides and maintains space for the progenitor cells for periodontal ligaments and new cementum formation. But still complete augmentation of the entire periodontal status namely PGL, cementum and alveolar one has not been achieved. Therefore, other techniques and materials were developed that has the ability in cell stimulation, proliferation, differentiation and new bone formation like Emdogain (enamel matrix protein) and PepGen P-15. So this presentation will discuss all aspects of regenerative periodontal therapy, advantages, disadvantages techniques ets...

AEEDC Dubai 1-3 March 2005