Archaeology of Buddhism in Magadh: Urbanisation and Sustenance

Amit Ranjan

Buddhism in South Asia has significantly influenced its history in various ways. Ancient Magadh, which is present-day Bihar, derives its name from the root word Vihara (meaning the Monastery). The spread of Buddhism beyond its mainland occurred through multiple channels. Traders and commoners traveling for pilgrimage or other reasons established relationships that later led to religious acceptance. The beginning of the Buddhist mission is also evident, with the missions of the great King Ashoka being particularly notable. Current archaeological evidence of urbanisation is most visible at Buddhist archaeological sites. Ancient Magadh itself had more than ten Mahāvihāra and vihara. Recently, Telhara and Laal Pahadi were excavated by the BHDS and have been added to the list of Buddhist monasteries. The sustainability of Mahāvihāra depended on nearby major urban centres. The extent of structural activity at Buddhist sites was directly linked to the development of the kingdom and its priorities. Buddhism was supported by monarchs and commoners alike and was embraced even by those following other religions. This tradition of tolerance persisted into the early medieval period. In the 13th century, Buddhism experienced a decline in Magadh, with decreased patronage, but its practice increased in other South Asian countries. This discussion aims to present recent findings on the archaeology of Buddhism concerning urbanisation and its sustenance in South Asia. It incorporates recent research, excavation results, and literary sources.