Palaeopathological Signatures of Early Animal Domestication during Neolithic Period at Molapalayam, Tamil Nadu

Kiran J. Prakash1*, Ajith M.1, Abhayan G.S.1, Rajesh S.V.1, and V. Selvakumar2

Molapalayam, a Neolithic site located in the Noyyal River Valley of Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu, India, was explored and systematically excavated between 2020 and 2024. The excavations yielded a diverse assemblage of ceramics and artefacts, with radiocarbon dates ranging from 1600 to 1400 BCE, confirming its Neolithic cultural context. Zooarchaeological analysis of the faunal remains indicates the presence of both domestic and wild taxa. This paper presents a detailed palaeopathological analysis of bone modifications in the faunal assemblage from Molapalayam, an aspect that remains underrepresented in South Indian zooarchaeological research and highlights osteological indicators of early animal domestication in Neolithic Tamil Nadu. The study employs an integrated archaeological, zooarchaeological, and palaeopathological methodology. The palaeopathological assessment documents lesions such as articular depression, congenital anomalies, periosteal reactions, neoplastic growths, and stress-related modifications on metapodials and phalanges, which are mostly consistent with draught-related biomechanical stress in cattle and buffalo. Dental pathologies, including caries, periodontal disease, and advanced attrition, provide further evidence regarding diet, workload stress, and herd management practices among domestic taxa. Taken together, these pathological signatures are indicative of domestication processes, reflecting intensified human exploitation and activity-related skeletal remodelling in response to labour demands. The study also establishes a baseline palaeopathological dataset for Molapalayam, contributing to a broader understanding of Neolithic subsistence strategies, animal husbandry, health status, cultural practices, environmental adaptation, and biocultural dynamics in South India.