The Thai–Malay Peninsula as a Trans-Peninsular Corridor: Archaeological Evidence of Interaction between the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea during the Suvarnabhumi Period (500 BC – AD 200)

Chawalit Khaokhiew1*, Pira Venunan1, Borisut Boripon1, Wannaporn rienjang2, Anurak Depimai1, Putsadee Rodcharoen1, Praon Silaphan1, Naruphol Wangthongchaicharoen1, Prasit Auetrakulvit1, Paramita Punwong3, and Hathaichanok Vattanasak4

The Thai–Malay Peninsula has long been recognized as a key geographical zone linking the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea. This paper examines the role of the peninsula as a trans peninsular corridor facilitating long distance interaction during the Suvarnabhumi period (500 BC–AD 200). Drawing on archaeological evidence from coastal and inland sites, the study highlights key materials that demonstrate early contacts between India, mainland Southeast Asia (Thailand), and China. Key archaeological sites discussed include Khamaukgyi on the Indian Ocean coast in present day Myanmar, and Khao Sam Kaeo, Ao Kham, and Khao Thalu (Khao Kob), all located on the Thai–Malay Peninsula. These sites functioned as major habitation centres, trading stations, and craft production areas within early exchange networks. Archaeological materials such as carnelian and agate beads, glass ornaments, metal objects, and ceramics provide significant evidence of technological transmission and long-distance trade. In addition, Krathum Phaeo in Prachinburi, eastern Thailand, is emphasised as an important production centre for semi-precious stone beads, indicating local craft specialisation connected to wider regional exchange. Together, these findings illustrate how communities across the peninsula and eastern Thailand participated in early interaction networks linking India, Thailand, and China, contributing to the development of inter-regional exchange during the Suvarnabhumi period.