The Number Knowledge Test was devised to measure the conceptual knowledge of number (number sense) that the average child has available at the age levels of 4, 6, 8, and 10 years. This knowledge has been referred to elsewhere as a set of "central conceptual structures for number" and "powerful organizing schemas" that help children make sense of quantitative problems. Research as shown that the knowledge assessed at each age level of this test is essential for successfully learning arithmetic in school and foundational for higher mathematics learning.