Mass Spectrometry:

Below is an embedded video to help you review how a mass spectrometer works and the data that can be gathered.  It was used to identify the presence of isotopes.  This modified Dalton's original atomic theory because atoms of the same element had different masses.  The functinal parts of a mass spectrometer are detailed including the ionizer, mass analyzer and the detector.

Mass Spectrometer

Light and the Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom:

Boh's discovery that electrons occupy specific energy levels around the atom was a result of connecting the atomic spectra to energy characteristics the light possessed when it was released by electrons falling to lower energy associated levels.  Even today it is still supported that the light produced from electrons falling to lower energy levels allows us to "see" where an electron is probably located.  Bohr helped to mathematically develop the wavelength to Energy Relationship.  The sources below are to help you review these relationships and their use to develop the new quantum model of the atom.

Electromagnetic Radiation (a.k.a. Light):  Website Link

Electromagnetic Spectrum and Bohr

Light and Matter:

How can we use light to probe matter?  Light travels in photons and the energy of individual photons is determined by Planck's equation.  Infrared spectroscopy is useful in detecting the vibrations within a molecule and can therefore give more information on the bond types.

Light and Matter

Origin of Quantum Mechanics:

Below are resources to help you better understand how PES helps to identify the electron configuration for an atom.  It also is the evidence that modifies Bohr's specific Energy Level of the atom into today's probability cloud or Sublevel model of the atom.  It states we can only know four aspects to an electron in an atom.  First, is the electrons principle energy level.  Second, is the electron's probable location within the energy level known as a sublevel.  Third, is an electron's probable orientation around the nucleus within the sublevel known as an orbital. Lastly, is the electrons characteristic "spin" within the oribital.

Origin of Quantum Mechanics

Photoelectron Spectroscopy (PES):

These sources will help you better understand how to read and interpret spectrum data and provide you with some practice.  Don't try the worksheet until you have watched the videos and the slideshow.

PES Worksheet:  PES Inquiry

PES Slideshow:  Introduction to PES

Photoelectron Spectroscopy

A Closer Look at Alloys:

This embedded video reviews metallic bonding and discusses the difference between substitutional and interstitial alloys, as well as, their properties.

Alloys

Covalent Network Solids:

The resources below discuss what a covalent network solid is and focuses on common examples such as diamond, graphite, and silicon.

Website: Covalent Network Solids

Covalent Network Solids

Intermolecular Forces:

The resources below will help refresh your understanding of the different types of Intermolecular forces that can occur between compounds.  Remember that the prefix "inter" means between.  These forces aren't as strong as an ionic or covalent bond, but they do provide substances with properties such as melting pont, boiling point, vapor pressure, solubility and many other property variations.

Website:  Intermolecular Forces and Properties

Intermolecular Forces

Expanded Octet (Shapes and Angles):

The embedded video is a good resource (slightly boring... O.K. really boring) on the different shapes that can form around the central atom when the octet is expanded.  Remember, to help you determine the shape look at how many bonding pair electrons and lone pair electrons are present (this will help you catagorize the correct family shape).  Then, identify where the lone pairs would best fit around the central atom (a.k.a. most room to spread out in) to identify the real shape the molecule has.

Expanded Octets

Resonance:

Hybridization Theory:

Because things can't get more confusing... Hybridization theory enables chemists to better understand how atoms bond to one another within a covalent molecule.  It is also the model that supports why resonance structure's bonds are of equal length.  The video below depicts how an electron energy diagram for a central atom's valence electrons can be used to predict the type of hybridization orbitals that will be involved in bonding.  Of course, I will show you a shortcut for it too in class... YAY!

Hybridization Visual

If The Video Above Does Not Work Use the Following Link to Access it.

Hybridization Deep Dive Video