Publications

Documents on this page may be protected by copyright law and subject to the fair use doctrine. By downloading these files, you agree to use the information therein solely for academic research and to adhere to all applicable copyright restrictions.

Open access to many of these articles may also be obtained at the NC DOCKS digital online collection of knowledge and scholarship.

Materials and data for many of these projects may be found at Michael Kane's OSF page.

Books

• Conway, A.R.A., Jarrold, C., Kane, M.J., Miyake, A., & Towse, J.N. (2007). Variation in working memory. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 

Journals and Serials 

2020-present

• Rodriguez-Boerwinkle, R.M., Welhaf, M.S., Smeekens, B.A., Booth, R.A., Kwapil, T.R., Silvia, P.J., & Kane, M.J. (in press). Variation in divergent thinking, executive-control abilities, and mind-wandering measured in and out of the laboratory. Creativity Research Journal.

• Zeitlen, D.C., Silvia, P.J., Kane, M.J., & Beaty, R.E. (in press). The creative mind in daily life: How cognitive and affective experiences relate to creative thinking and behavior. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and  the Arts.

• Welhaf, M.S., & Kane, M.J. (2024). A nomothetic span approach to the construct validation of sustained attention consistency: Re-analyzing two latent-variable studies of performance variability and mind-wandering self-reports. Psychological Research, 88, 39-80.

• Welhaf, M.S., & Kane, M.J. (2023). A combined experimental-correlational approach to the construct validity of performance-based and self-report-based measures of sustained attention. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 86, 109-145.

• Silman, A.K., Chhabria, R., Hafzalla, G.W., Giffin, L., Kucharski, K., Myers, K., Culquichicon, C., Montero, S., Lescano, A.G., Vega, C.M., Fernandez, L.E., Silman, M. R., Kane, M.J., & Sanders, J.W. (2022). Impairment in working memory and executive function associated with mercury exposure in indigenous populations in upper Amazonian Peru. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19, 10909. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710989

• Miyake, A., & Kane, M.J. (2022). Toward a holistic approach to reducing academic procrastination with classroom interventions. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 31, 291-304.

• Welhaf, M.S., Phillips, N.E., Smeekens, B.A., Miyake, A., & Kane, M.J. (2022). Interpolated testing and content pretesting as interventions to reduce task-unrelated thoughts during a video lecture. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 7: article 26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-022-00372-y

• Welhaf, M.S., Meier, M.E., Smeekens, B.A., Silvia, P.J., Kwapil, T.R., & Kane, M.J. (2022). A "Goldilocks Zone" for mind wandering reports? A secondary data analysis of how few thought probes are enough for reliable and valid measurement. Behavior Research Methods, 55, 327-347.

• Kane, M.J., Smeekens, B.A., Meier, M.E., Welhaf, M.S., & Phillips, N.E. (2021). Testing the construct validity of competing measurement approaches to probed mind-wandering reports. Behavior Research Methods, 53, 2372-2411.

• Kane, M.J., Carruth, N.P., Lurquin, J.H., Silvia, P.J., Smeekens, B.A., von Bastian, C.C., &  Miyake, A. (2021). Individual differences in task-unrelated thought in university classrooms. Memory & Cognition, 45, 1247-1266.

• Goring, S.A., Schmank, C.J., Kane, M.J., & Conway, A.R.A. (2021). Psychometric models of individual differences in reading comprehension: A reanalysis of Freed, Hamilton, and Long (2017). Journal of Memory and Language, 119.

• Erb, C.D., Welhaf, M.S., Smeekens, B.A., Moreau, D., Kane, M.J., & Marcovitch, S. (2021). Linking the dynamics of cognitive control to individual differences in working memory capacity: Evidence from reaching behavior. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 47, 1383-1402.

• Frith, E., Elbich, D.B., Christensen, A.P., Rosenberg, M.D., Chen, Q., Kane, M.J., Silvia, P.J., Seli, P., & Beaty, R.E. (2021). Intelligence and creativity share a common cognitive and neural basis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 150, 609-632.

• Frith, E., Kane, M.J., Welhaf, M.S., Christensen, A.P., Silvia, P.J., Seli, P., & Beaty, R.E. (2021). Keeping creativity under control: Contributions of attention control and fluid intelligence to divergent thinking. Creativity Research Journal, 33, 138-157.

• Coifman, K.G., Kane, M.J., Bishop, M., Matt, L.M., Nylocks, K.M., & Aurora, P. (2021). Predicting negative affect variability and spontaneous emotion regulation: Can working memory span tasks estimate emotion regulatory capacity? Emotion, 21, 297-314.

• Welhaf, M.S., Smeekens, B.A., Gazzia, N.C., Perkins, J.B., Silvia, P.J., Meier, M.E., Kwapil, T.R., & Kane, M.J. (2020). An exploratory analysis of individual differences in mind wandering content and consistency. Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice, 7, 103-125.

• Welhaf, M.S., Smeekens, B.A. Meier, M.E., Silvia, P.J., Kwapil, T.R., & Kane, M.J. (2020). The worst performance rule, or the not-best performance rule? Latent-variable analyses of working memory capacity, mind-wandering propensity, and reaction time. Journal of Intelligence, 8, 25. https://www.mdpi.com/2079-3200/8/2/25

• Baker, L.R., Kane, M.J., & Russell, V.M. (2020). Romantic partners' working memory capacity facilitates relationship problem resolution through recollection of problem-relevant information. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 149,580-584.

2015-2019

• Wahlheim, C.N., Alexander, T.R., & Kane, M.J. (2019). Interpolated retrieval effects on list isolation: Individual differences in working memory capacity. Memory & Cognition, 47, 619-642.

• Beatty, I.D., Sedberry, S.J., Gerace, W.J., Strickhouser, J.E., Elobeid, M., & Kane, M.J. (2019). Improving STEM self-efficacy with a scalable classroom intervention targeting growth mindset and success attribution. 2019 PERC Proceedings. DOI: 10.1119/perc.2019.pr.Beatty

• Venables, N.C., Foell, J., Yancey, J.R., Kane, M.J., Engle, R.W., & Patrick, C.J. (2018). Quantifying inhibitory control as externalizing proneness: A cross-domain model. Clinical Psychological Science, 6, 561-580.

• Maillet, D., Beaty, R.E., Jordano, M.L., Touron, D.R., Adnan, A., Silvia, P.J., Kwapil, T.R., Turner, G.R., Spreng, R.N., & Kane, M.J. (2018). Age-related differences in mind-wandering in daily life. Psychology & Aging, 33, 643-653.

• Seli, P., Kane, M.J., Smallwood, J., Schacter, D.L., Maillet, D., Schooler, J.W., & Smilek, D. (2018). Mind-wandering as a natural kind: A family-resemblances view. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 22, 479-490.

• Beaty, R.E., Kenett, Y.N., Christensen, A.P., Rosenberg, M.D., Benedek, M., Chen, Q., Fink, A., Qiu, J., Kwapil, T.R., Kane, M.J., & Silvia, P.J. (2018). Robust prediction of individual creative ability from brain functional connectivity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115, 1087-1092.

• Meier, M.E., Smeekens, B. A., Silvia, P.J., Kwapil, T.R., & Kane, M.J. (2018). Working memory capacity and the antisaccade task: A microanalytic-macroanalytic investigation of individual differences in goal activation and maintenance. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 44, 68-84.

• Kane, M.J., Smeekens, B.A., von Bastian, C.C., Lurquin, J.H., Carruth, N.P., Miyake, A. (2017). A combined experimental and individual-differences investigation into mind wandering during a video lecture. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 146, 1649-1674.

• Kane, M.J, Gross, G.M., Chun, C.A., Smeekens, B.S., Meier, M.E., Silvia, P.J., & Kwapil, T.R.. (2017). For whom the mind wanders, and when, varies across laboratory and daily-life settings. Psychological Science, 28, 1271-1289.

• Rummel, J., Smeekens, B.A., & Kane, M.J. (2017). Dealing with prospective memory demands while performing an ongoing task: Shared processing, increased on-task focus, or both? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 43, 1047-1062.

• Redick, T.S., Unsworth, N., Kane, M.J., & Hambrick, D.Z. (2017). Don't shoot the messenger: Still no evidence that video-game experience is related to cognitive abilities--A reply to Green et al. (2017). Psychological Science, 28, 683-686.

• Kane, M.J., Meier, M.E., Smeekens, B.A., Gross, G.M., Chun, C. A., Silvia, P.J., & Kwapil, T.R. (2016). Individual differences in the executive control of attention, memory, and thought, and their associations with schizotypy. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 145, 1017-1048.

• Redick, T.S., Shipstead, Z., Meier, M.E., Montroy, J.J., Hicks, K.L., Kane, M.J., Hambrick, D.Z., & Engle, R.W. (2016). Cognitive predictors of a common multitasking ability: Contributions from working memory, attention control, and fluid intelligence. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 145, 1473-1492.

• Smeekens, B.A., & Kane, M.J. (2016). Working memory capacity, mind wandering, and creative cognition: An individual-differences investigation into the benefits of controlled versus spontaneous thought. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 10, 389-415.

• Kane, M.J., & Conway, A.R.A. (2016). The invention of n-back: An extremely brief history. The Winnower, 3:e146722.26397, https://dx.doi.org/10.15200/winn.146722.26397

• Meier, M. E., & Kane, M.J. (2015). Carving executive control at its joints: Working memory capacity predicts stimulus-stimulus, but not stimulus-response, conflict. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 41, 1849-1872.

• Frank, D.J., Nara, B., Zavagnin, M., Touron, D.R., & Kane, M.J. (2015). Validating older adults' reports of less mind-wandering: An examination of eye-movements and dispositional influences. Psychology and Aging, 30, 266-278. 

• Unsworth, N., Redick, T.S., McMillan, B.D., Hambrick, D.Z., Kane, M.J., & Engle, R.W. (2015). Is playing videogames related to cognitive abilities? Psychological Science, 26, 759-774.

2010-2014

• McVay, J.C., & Kane, M.J. (2013). Dispatching the wandering mind? Toward a laboratory method for cuing "spontaneous" off-task thought. Frontiers in Psychology, 4:570. doi: 0.3389/fpsyg.2013.00570

• Meier, M.E., & Kane, M.J. (2013). Working memory capacity and Stroop interference: Global versus local indices of executive control. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 39, 748-759. 

• Redick, T.S., Shipstead, Z., Harrison, T.L., Hicks, K.L., Fried, D.E., Hambrick, D.Z., Kane, M.J., & Engle, R.W. (2013). No evidence of intelligence improvement after working memory training: A randomized, placebo-controlled study. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 142, 359-379. 

• McVay, J., Unsworth, N., McMillan, B. D., & Kane, M.J. (2013). Working memory does not always support future-oriented mind wandering. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology (special section on Mind Wandering), 67, 41-50.

• McVay, J., Meier, M.E., Touron, D.R., & Kane, M.J. (2013). Aging ebbs the flow of thought: Adult age differences in mind wandering, executive control, and self-evaluation. Acta Psychologica, 142, 136-147.

• Beaty, R.E., Smeekens, B.A., Silvia, P.J., Hodges, D.A., & Kane, M.J. (2013). A first look at the role of domain-general cognitive and creative abilities in jazz improvisation. Psychomusicology, 23, 262-268.

• Kane, M.J. & McVay, J.C. (2012). What mind-wandering reveals about executive-control abilities and failures. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 21, 348-354.

• Redick, T.S., Broadway, J.M., Meier, M.E., Kuriakose, P.S., Unsworth, N., Kane, M.J., & Engle, R.W. (2012). Measuring working memory capacity with automated complex span tasks. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 28, 164-171.

• McVay, J.C., & Kane, M.J. (2012). Drifting from slow to "D'oh!" Working memory capacity and mind wandering predict extreme reaction times and executive-control errors. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 38, 525-549.

• McVay, J.C., & Kane, M.J. (2012). Why does working memory capacity predict variation in reading comprehension? On the influence of mind wandering and executive attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 141, 302-320.

• Bailey, H., Dunlosky, J., & Kane, M.J. (2011). Contribution of strategy use to performance on complex and simple span tasks. Memory & Cognition, 39, 447-461.

• Kane, M.J. (2011). Describing, debating, and discovering inner experience: Review of Hurlburt and Schwitzgebel (2007), 'Describing Inner Experience? Proponent Meets Skeptic'. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 18, 150-164.

• Kane, M.J. (2010). Can people's minds be changed? How can we know? Skeptic, 16, 28-31.

• Marcovitch, S., Boseovski, J.J., Knapp, R.J., & Kane, M.J. (2010). Goal neglect and working memory capacity in 4- to 6-year-old children. Child Development, 81, 1687-1695.

• Kane, M.J., Core, T.J., & Hunt, R.R. (2010). Bias versus bias: Harnessing hindsight to reveal paranormal belief change, beyond demand characteristics. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review.

• McVay, J.C., & Kane, M.J. (2010). Does mind wandering reflect executive function or executive failure? Comment on Smallwood and Schooler (2006) and Watkins (2008). Psychological Bulletin.

2005-2009

• McVay, J.C., Kane, M.J., & Kwapil, T.R. (2009). Tracking the train of thought from the laboratory into everyday life: An experience-sampling study of mind-wandering in controlled and ecological contexts. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 16, 857-863.

• Poole, B.J., & Kane, M.J. (2009). Working memory capacity predicts the executive control of visual search among distractors: The influence of sustained and selective attention. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 62, 1430-1454.

• McVay, J.C., & Kane, M.J. (2009). Conducting the train of thought: Working memory capacity, goal neglect, and mind wandering in an executive-control task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 35, 196-204.

• Conway, A.R.A., Moore, A.B., & Kane, M.J. (2009). Recent trends in the cognitive neuroscience of working memory [Book review of The Cognitive Neuroscience of Working Memory]. Cortex, 45, 262-268.

• Bailey, H., Dunlosky, J., & Kane, M.J. (2008). Why does working memory capacity predict complex cognition? Testing the strategy-affordance hypothesis. Memory & Cognition, 36, 1383-1390.

• Moore, A.B., Clark, B.A., & Kane, M.J. (2008). Who shalt not kill? Individual differences in working memory capacity, executive control, and moral judgment. Psychological Science, 19, 549-557.

• Knouse, L.E., Mitchell, J.T., Brown, L.H., Silvia, P.J., Kane, M.J., Myin-Germeys, I., & Kwapil, T.R. (2008). The expression of adult AD/HD symptoms in daily life: An application of experience sampling methodology. Journal of Attention Disorders, 11, 652-663. 

• Kane, M.J., Brown, L.E., Little, J.C., Silvia, P.J., Myin-Germeys, I., & Kwapil, T.R. (2007). For whom the mind wanders, and when: An experience-sampling study of working memory and executive control in daily life. Psychological Science, 18, 614-621.

• Kane, M.J., Conway, A.R.A., Miura, T.K., & Colflesh, G.J.H. (2007). Working memory, attention control, and the n-back task: A question of construct validity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 33, 615-622.

• Kane, M.J., & Miyake, T.M. (2007). The validity of "conceptual span" as a measure of working memory capacity. Memory & Cognition, 35, 1136-1150. 

• Sobel, K.V., Gerrie, M.P., Poole, B.J., & Kane, M.J. (2007). Individual differences in working memory capacity and visual search: The roles of top-down and bottom-up processing. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 14, 840-845. 

• Dunlosky, J., & Kane, M.J. (2007). The contributions of strategy use to working memory span: A comparison of strategy-assessment methods. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 60, 1227-1245.

• Kane, M.J., Poole, B.J., Tuholski, S.W., & Engle, R.W. (2006). Working memory capacity and the top-down control of visual search: Exploring the boundaries of "executive attention" . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 32, 749-777.

• Heitz, R.P., Redick, T.S., Hambrick, D.Z., Kane, M.J., Conway, A.R.A., & Engle, R.W. (2006). Working memory, executive function, and general fluid intelligence are not the same. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 29, 135-136.

• Conway, A.R.A., Kane, M.J., Bunting, M.F., Hambrick, D.Z., Wilhelm, O., & Engle, R.W. (2005). Working memory span tasks: A methodological review and user's guide. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 12, 769-786.

• Kane, M.J., Hambrick, D.Z., & Conway, A.R.A. (2005). Working memory capacity and fluid intelligence are strongly related constructs: Comment on Ackerman, Beier, and Boyle (2005). Psychological Bulletin, 131, 66-71.

2000-2004

• Kane, M.J., Hambrick, D.Z., Tuholski, S.W., Wilhelm, O., Payne, T.W., & Engle, R.W. (2004). The domain generality of working-memory capacity: A latent-variable approach to verbal and spatial memory span and reasoning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 133, 189-217. 

• Engle, R.W., & Kane, M.J. (2004). Executive attention, working memory capacity, and a two-factor theory of cognitive control. In B. H. Ross (Ed.), The Psychology of Learning and Motivation, volume 44 (pp. 145 - 199). New York: Academic Press.

• Kane, M.J., & Engle, R.W. (2003). Working-memory capacity and the control of attention: The contributions of goal maintenance, response competition, and task set to Stroop interference. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 132, 47-70.

• Conway, A.R.A., Kane, M.J., & Engle, R.W. (2003). Working memory capacity and its relation to general intelligence. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7, 547-552.

• Kane, M.J. (2003). The intelligent brain in conflict. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7, 375-377.

• Kane, M.J. (2003). A limited perspective on working memory? Book review of Working Memory in Perspective. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 15, 313-317.

• Kane, M.J., & Engle, R.W. (2002). The role of prefrontal cortex in working-memory capacity, executive attention, and general fluid intelligence: An individual-differences perspective. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 9, 637-671.

• Kane, M.J., Bleckley, M.K., Conway, A.R.A., & Engle, R.W. (2001). A controlled-attention view of working-memory capacity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 130, 169-183.

• Kane, M.J., & Engle, R.W. (2000). Working memory capacity, proactive interference, and divided attention: Limits on long-term memory retrieval. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 26, 336-358.

1994-1999

• May, C.P., Hasher, L., & Kane, M.J. (1999). The role of interference in memory span. Memory and Cognition, 27, 759-767.

• Kane, M.J., Conway, A.R.A., & Engle, R.W. (1999). What do working memory tests really measure? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22, 101-102.

• Conway, A.R.A., Kane, M.J., & Engle, R.W. (1999). Is Spearman's g determined by speed or working memory capacity? [Review of the book, The g Factor; The Science of Mental Ability] Psycoloquy, 10 (074).

• Kane, M.J., May, C.P., Hasher, L., Rahhal, T., & Stoltzfus, E.R. (1997). Dual mechanisms of negative priming. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 23, 632-650.

• Hasher, L., Zacks, R.T., Stoltzfus, E.R., Kane, M.J., & Connelly, S.L. (1996). On the timecourse of negative priming: Another look. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 3, 231-237.

• May, C.P., Kane, M.J., & Hasher, L. (1995). Determinants of negative priming. Psychological Bulletin, 118, 35-54.

• Kane, M.J., & Hasher, L., Stoltzfus, E.R., Zacks, R.T., & Connelly, S.L. (1994). Inhibitory attentional mechanisms and aging. Psychology and Aging, 9, 103-112.

• Kane, M.J. (1994). Premonitory urges as “attentional tics” in Tourette's Syndrome. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 33, 805-808.

Book Chapters and Encyclopedia Entries

• Meier, M.E., & Kane, M.J. (2017). Attentional control and working memory capacity. In T. Egner (Ed.), The Wiley Handbook of Cognitive Control (pp. 50-63). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.

• McVay, J.C., & Kane, M.J. (2010). Adrift in the stream of thought: The effects of mind wandering on executive control and working memory capacity. In A. Gruszka, G. Matthews, & B. Szymura (Eds.), Handbook of Individual Differences in Cognition (pp. 321-334). New York: Springer.

• Kane, M.J., & Miyake, T.M. (2008). Individual differences in episodic memory. In H.L. Roediger, III (Ed.), Cognitive Psychology of Memory. Vol 2. of Learning and Memory: A Comprehensive Reference, 4 vols. (J. Byrne, Editor). Oxford: Elsevier.

• Bunch, R., Nelson, E., Lloyd, R., Kane, M.J., & Tricot, T. (2008). Instructional geographic information science: A multidisciplinary framework for geospatial technologies in education. In A. Milson & A. Alibrandi (Eds.), Digital Geography: Geo-Spatial Technologies in the Social Studies Classroom (pp. 227-245) . Greenwich, CT: Information Age Publishing. 

• Conway, A.R.A., Jarrold, C., Kane, M.J., Miyake, A., & Towse, J.N. (2007). Variation in working memory: An introduction. In A.R.A. Conway, C. Jarrold, M.J. Kane, A. Miyake, & J.N. Towse, (Eds.), Variation in working memory. New York: Oxford University Press.

• Kane, M.J., Conway, A.R.A., Hambrick, D.Z., & Engle, R.W. (2007). Variation in working memory as variation in executive attention and control. In A.R.A. Conway, C. Jarrold, M.J. Kane, A. Miyake, & J.N. Towse, (Eds.), Variation in working memory. New York: Oxford University Press.

• Cowan, N., Kane, M.J., Conway, A.R.A., & Ipsa-Cowan, A.J. (2006). Stupid brain! Homer's working memory odyssey. In A. Brown & C. Logan (Eds.), D'oh! The psychology of the Simpsons (pp. 46 - 64). Dallas, TX: BenBella Books.

• Kane, M.J., & Gray, J.R. (in press). Fluid intelligence. To appear in N.J. Salkind (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Human Development. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

• Kane, M.J. (2005). Full frontal fluidity? Looking in on the neuroimaging of reasoning and intelligence. In O. Wilhelm & R.W. Engle (Eds.), Handbook of Understanding and Measuring Intelligence (pp. 141-163). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.

• Hambrick, D.Z., Kane, M.J., & Engle, R.W. (2005). The role of working memory in higher-level cognition: Domain-specific versus domain-general perspectives. In R. Sternberg & J.E. Pretz (Eds.), Cognition and Intelligence: Identifying the mechanisms of the mind (pp. 104 - 121). New York: Cambridge University Press.

• Conway, A.R.A., & Kane, M.J. (2001). Capacity, control and conflict: An individual differences perspective on attentional capture. In C. Folk and B. Gibson (Eds.), Attraction, Distraction and Action: Multiple Perspectives on Attention Capture (pp. 349 - 372). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science.

• Engle, R.W., Kane, M.J., & Tuholski, S.W. (1999). Individual differences in working memory capacity and what they tell us about controlled attention, general fluid intelligence and functions of the prefrontal cortex. In A. Miyake & P. Shah (Eds.), Models of Working Memory: Mechanisms of Active Maintenance and Executive Control (pp. 102-134). New York: Cambridge University Press.

• Kane, M.J., & Hasher, L. (1995). Interference. In G. Maddox (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of Aging (2nd edition, pp. 514-516). New York: Springer-Verlag.