My Science Website (3)

Original on August 29, 2016

Updated on May 25, 2018

By Sing H. Lin, Ph.D., E-Mail: singhlin@gmail.com

Abstract

The 20-year experiment, known as DAMA/LIBRA collaboration, in the deep underground Gran Sasso National Laboratory under Gran Sasso Mountain in Italy for direct detection of dark matter has been detecting consistently the annual modulation in the detected signal. The team of scientists running this experiment in Italy believes that this annual modulation in detected signal is an indication of successful detection of dark matter coming from the galaxy dark matter halo surrounding our Milky Way Galaxy and that the annual modulation is due to the dark matter "wind" in galaxy dark matter halo as seen by the dark matter detector on the earth while the earth orbits around the sun and the entire solar system orbits around the center of Milky Way Galaxy. A similar deep underground experiment, known as CoGeNT, in Soudan, Minnesota, USA has also detected the similar annual modulation in the detected signal.

On the other hand, Twelve or more deep underground laboratories that have been set up in other locations of the world and have been running for many years all have consistently come up with null result, meaning detecting no dark matter signal, coming up empty handed.

Another series of experiments, known as XENON1T, XENON100, and XENON10, using liquid xenon for dark matter detection was set up in the same huge Gran Sasso National Laboratory under the Gran Sasso Mountain in Italy. However, this series of xenon based experiments had also produced null result. The location of the XENON Series of experiments is physically separated from that of DAMA/LIBRA collaboration by about 100 meters (about 300 feet) in the same huge Gran Sasso National Laboratory.

This has been a serious dilemma in science community for many years because the claimed detections of dark matter by DAMA/LIBRA in Italy and by CoGeNT in Minnesota, USA are NOT repeatable in all other deep underground laboratories in other parts of the world or in XENON Series of Experiments only 100 meters away from DAMA/LIBRA. Many scientists seriously doubt the validity of the claim that dark matters from galaxy dark matter halo have been detected in Italy.

Furthermore, in a paper posted April 4, 2018 to the physics preprint site, arxiv.org, three physicists, Professor Katherine Freese, Sebastian Baum and Chris Kelso, showed that a standard dark-matter WIMP cannot produce the new (Phase 2) DAMA signal, i.e. the newer and better DAMA data in Phase 2 in recent additional six years of data after the DAMA experiment system was upgraded to increase its sensitivity to lower energy level. This paper, therefore, further strengthen the serious doubt in the science community on the validity of the claim that dark matters from galaxy dark matter halo have been detected in Italy. In other words, nobody understands DAMA data.

Here in My Science Website (3), I offer a proposal to resolve this serious dilemma and to explain (a) why DAMA/LIBRA in Italy and CoGeNT in Minnesota have detected high density dark matters (not in galaxy dark matter halo) and (b) why all underground laboratories, including DAMA/LIBRA, XENON Series and CoGeNT, at all locations all over the world have NOT detected low density dark matters from galaxy dark matter halo.

In my proposal, there are at least two different types of dark matter: Type A low density dark matter in galaxy dark matter halo and Type B high density dark matter at the special locations of Gravity Hills and Mystery Spot areas on earth and may be somewhere else in the universe. So far, science still knows very little about dark matter. There is no proof that there is only one kind of simple dark matter in the entire universe. Since dark matter constitutes 84% of matters in the universe, it is quite possible that there are two or more different kinds of dark matter.

My out-of-box thinking to resolve this serious dilemma on dark matter detection comes from my research for more than 20 years on gravity mysteries on many Gravity Hills and in several Mystery Spots on earth. My different background and more than 20 years of research enable me to show that: (1) What have been detected successfully in Italy and in Minnesota, USA are Type B high density dark matter (not in galaxy dark matter halo), and (2) None of these deep underground laboratories have detected Type A dark matter in galaxy dark matter halo because Type A dark matter particles may be super-heavy dark matter particles which may be much heavier than the popular assumption of WIMP by many orders of magnitude. This means that (i) the density of dark matter in galaxy dark matter halo is much lower than that of assumed WIMP model by several orders of magnitude, and (ii) with such very low density, it may take thousands of years or even longer of experiment to detect any appreciable number of rare collisions with such very low density dark matters in galaxy dark matter halo.

Furthermore, the distribution of high density Type B dark matter in the earth is NOT uniform, but is highly concentrated at special locations such as those known gravity hills and mystery spots on the earth. This is why most other experiments have been producing null result because most of those experiments are at the wrong locations where there are no high density dark matter in those locations on the earth and a few years of experiment is much too short to detect the rare collision with the very low density of super-heavy dark matter particles in the galaxy dark matter halo.

I also propose four verification tests in Section 5 to test for four signatures of high density type B dark matter near the dark matter detectors of the deep underground laboratories in Italy and in Minnesota. It is important to carry out these tests to verify successful direct detection of high density Type B dark matter in the deep underground laboratories in Italy and in Minnesota.

More detailed explanations and supporting evidences are in the following.

Note: I started presenting My Science Website (3) on August 29, 2016. I have been revising and updating this website from time to time as I gain more insight and relevant information from my ongoing research on this project. Most recent update of this website was on May 25, 2018. As of April 24, 2017 this website has been accessed at least 743 times by my friends and strangers all over the world.

Note: Dr. Sing H. Lin presented a talk entitled "Great Mysteries of Dark Matter in Astronomy and on Earth" in a meeting in Monmouth County Library in Manalapan, New Jersey, USA on September 29, 2016. This presentation describes (1) the highlights of the ongoing global research and experiments in astronomy and on earth on dark matter and (2) the highlights of my research for more than 20 years on very high concentrations of dark matter at the special locations of Gravity Hills and Mystery Spots on earth and of their important implications to the direct detection of dark matter on earth. This meeting was co-sponsored by IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) New Jersey Coast Life Member Group and IEEE New Jersey Coast EMC/VT/AP Chapter.

1. Two Types of Dark Matter

There are at least two different types of dark matter:

Type A low density dark matter is in the galaxy dark matter halo surrounding our Milky Way Galaxy or other galaxies. It is expected that most dark matters are Type A low density dark matter.

But a fraction of dark matters are Type B dark matter that can clump together into much higher density because Type B can shed more energy through certain dissipative processes involving dark radiation or dark force or dark light, or fifth fundamental force or dark photon or other yet unknown processes in the dark sector of universe. Professor Lisa Randall of Harvard University, Professor Sean Carroll at the California Institute of Technology, and several other scientists have already explored and proposed dark radiation, dark light, dark force, dark photon, and fifth fundamental force in the dark sector of the universe.

CERN (the European Organization for Nuclear Research) now has a new NA64 project to run a new experiment to try to detect dark photons. Furthermore, in 2018, a team of scientists have turned on a new experiment known as Padme, (for Positron Annihilation into Dark Matter Experiment), at the National Institute of Nuclear Physics near Rome to hunt for the mysterious dark force. Thess are parts of the great mysteries of the dark sector of the universe that require more research and experiments in the future.

2. Twelve or More Deep Underground Laboratories Trying to Detect Type A Dark Matter

Twelve or more deep underground laboratories have been set up at various locations in the world and running for many years to try to detect Type A dark matter from galaxy dark matter halo.

The experiment known as, DAMA/LIBRA collaboration, in the deep underground laboratory under the Gran Sasso mountain in Italy has been detecting consistently for 20 years a signal with an important signature of annual modulation (seasonal variation) in the detected signal. The team of scientists in DAMA/LIBRA collaboration believes that this signature of annual modulation is an indication that the detected signal is the signal of detected Type A dark matter from galaxy dark matter halo.

Another experiment, known as CoGeNT, in the deep underground laboratory in Soudan, Minnesota, USA has also detected similar signal with a similar signature of annual modulation. But the CoGeNT team in Minnesota experiment is not sure if it is low density Type A dark matter from galaxy dark matter halo because of multiple detections in multiple detectors in the deep underground laboratory in Minnesota. The CoGeNT team in Minnesota experiment knows that the low density Type A dark matter from galaxy dark matter halo cannot produce multiple detections in multiple detectors.

On the other hand, ten or more deep underground laboratories at many other locations keep on coming up empty handed with null result.

Science News articles on such deep underground experiments for direct detection of dark matter can be seen at the following sample websites: Sample A, Sample B, and Sample C.

Another series of experiments, known as XENON1T, XENON100, and XENON10, using liquid xenon for dark matter detection was set up in the same huge Gran Sasso National Laboratory under the Gran Sasso Mountain in Italy. This series of xenon based experiments had also produced null result. The location of the XENON Series of experiments is physically separated from that of DAMA/LIBRA collaboration by about 100 meters (about 300 feet) in the same huge Gran Sasso National Laboratory. This distance is estimated from the schematic diagram of the huge Gran Sasso National Laboratory in here.

It has been a serious dilemma in science community for many years because the claimed detection of Type A dark matter in Italy is NOT repeatable in ten or more other deep underground laboratories in other parts of the world. It is also not repeatable in the XENON series of experiments only about 100 meters away in the same huge Gran Sasso National Laboratory in Italy.

Furthermore, in a paper posted April 4, 2018 to the physics preprint site, arxiv.org, three physicists, Professor Katherine Freese, Sebastian Baum and Chris Kelso, showed that the standard dark-matter WIMP cannot produce the new (Phase 2) DAMA signal, i.e., the newer and better DAMA data in Phase 2 in recent additional six years of data after the DAMA experiment system was upgraded to increase its sensitivity to lower energy level. The discrepancy between predictions in this paper and the Phase 2 DAMA data further strengthen the serious doubt in the science community on the validity of the claim that dark matters from galaxy dark matter halo have been detected in Italy. In other words, nobody understands DAMA data.

3. What Have We Learned From These Deep Underground Experiments?

3.1. Type A Dark Matter and Assumption of WIMP Model

In the designs and the constructions of those twelve or more deep underground laboratories for direct detection of dark matter, most scientists are thinking about the Type A dark matter in galaxy dark matter halo with the popular assumption of WIMP (Weakly Interacting Massive Particle) as a favored candidate for Type A dark matter. The assumed WIMP model for galaxy dark matter halo implies that the distribution of Type A dark matter in the earth is uniform and that all these twelve or more deep underground laboratories should all have detected lots of WIMPs in a few years of experiments.

3.2. Why Ten or More Deep Underground Laboratories Keep On Coming Up Empty Handed?

But the consistent null result from ten or more deep underground laboratories/experiments at many different locations provide us an important hint that the popular assumption of WIMP as a candidate for Type A dark matter may be wrong. The news articles on such possible fate of WIMP assumption can be seen here and here. The actual Type A dark matter particles may be super-heavy particle that is much heavier than WIMP by many orders of magnitude as proposed recently (2016) by Dr. McCullen Sandora and his colleagues in Denmark. The super-heavy dark matter particles are also known as WIMPZilla dark matter or GUTzilla Dark Matter.

If dark matter particle is heavier than WIMP by many orders of magnitude, then the required density of super-heavy dark matter particles in galaxy dark matter halo to keep our Milky Way Galaxy from flying apart is lower than that of assumed WIMP model by many orders of magnitude. Therefore, the probability of detecting super-heavy Type A dark matter is lower than that of WIMP model by many orders of magnitude. This means that it may take thousands of years or even longer to be able to detect reasonable number of collisions with super-heavy Type A dark matter particles in these deep underground laboratories. This may be the reason that ten or more deep underground laboratories keep on coming up empty handed with experiment period of only a few years or less.

3.2.1. Planck-Size White Holes as Super-Heavy Dark Matters

Recent (2018) work of Carlo Rovelli and Francesca Vidotto indicates that Planck-size white holes (i.e., the opposite of black holes) could constitute a major portion of dark matters.

Einstein’s Theory of Relativity predicts existence of black holes and its opposite, while holes. Hawking radiation theory indicates that black holes will evaporate (through Hawking radiation) and shrink. Many primordial black holes were formed immediately after the Big Bang. These primordial black holes will evaporate and shrink in size. But the shrinkage of black holes would not be able to vanish if the spacetime is quantized as indicated by Carlo Rovelli and Francesca Vidotto. When these evaporating black holes reach the scale of Planck size, quantum effects cause these shrinking small black holes to morph into Plank size while holes. In other words, a black hole becomes a white hole at the end of its evaporation. These white holes would not emit any radiation, and because they are far smaller than a wavelength of light, they would be invisible. If a proton did happen to impact one of these white holes, the white hole would simply bounce away.

Black holes will devour anything that comes too close to it and may be viewed as very violent and dangerous stuff.

But Planck size white holes, being opposite to block holes, will not devour anything. Nothing can go into white holes. So, the stable Planck size while holes behave more like benign and peaceful dark matters that can exist peacefully for many years at all those special locations of Gravity Hills and Mystery Spots on earth surface with no violent or dangerous characters to harm many visitors who have visited these special locations.

The tiny white holes still have substantial mass, similar to those of black holes. The Planck size white holes can be much heavier than that of WIMP by many orders of magnitude. Therefore, Planck size white holes may also be a candidate of the super-heavy dark matter particles described in Section 3.2. above. The primordial black holes may be just one of multiple possible sources for Planck size while holes.

Rovelli and Vidotto further suggested a possible second source for stable Planck size white holes. Some white holes in this universe might actually predate the Big Bang, i.e., might even be older than the Big Bang, might be the relics in a bounce cosmology.

3.2.2. Is Dark Matter Particle Much Lighter Than The Popular Assumed WIMP?

Instead of super-heavy dark matter particles described above, there is a possibility that the Type A dark matter particles may be much lighter than the popular assumed WIMP and are out of the sensitivity range of all the dark matter detectors in all these existing deep underground laboratories. There are some newer experiments designed to detect much lighter dark matter particles. The future results from these new experiments for detection of lighter Type A dark matter particles will tell us which way is the right way to go.

4. Why Two Deep Underground Laboratories Detected Signal With Annual Modulation?

But the DAMA/LIBRA collaboration under Gran Sasso Mountain in Italy has been detecting consistently for 20 years a signal with annual modulation. Data collected by the DAMA/LIBRA collaboration over the past 20 years has given the measurement a statistical significance at more than 9.3σ – well beyond the 5σ that usually signifies a discovery in particle physics. What does this mean? The answer is in the following.

4.1. Type B vs Type A Dark Matter Detected in These Deep Underground Laboratories

With my more than 20-year of research on Type B high density dark matter associated with gravity mysteries on Gravity Hills and Mystery Spots on earth, I have been focusing my attention on Type B high density dark matter at these special locations of Gravity Hills and Mystery Spots. With my background and experience very different from those of many other scientists working on dark matter research, I am bringing in an out-of-box thinking and I believe that what DAMA/LIBRA collaboration in Italy has been detecting are Type B high density dark matters trapped and oscillating in earth gravity well instead of Type A low density dark matter in galaxy dark matter halo. The reasons for my assertion are in the following..

4.2. High Concentration of Type B Dark Matter at Special Locations

The distribution of Type B dark matter on earth is NOT uniform, but is highly concentrated at special locations known as Gravity Hills or Mystery Spots on earth. The density of Type B dark matter at these special locations is so high as to create very strong abnormal local gravity that manifests as various kinds of gravity mysteries that have been observed by many people at these special locations on earth for more than 100 years.

My more than 20-year of research on Gravity Hills and Mystery Spots in My Science Website (2) indicates that the source of the significant abnormal local gravity at each of those strange locations on earth is a fountain of very high density Type B dark matter with a mass density at least 1,000 times greater than that of average ordinary matter on or near earth surface. Each fountain of Type B dark matter is supported by two vertical narrow streams of very high density Type B dark matter trapped and oscillating in earth gravity well. Details of my more than 20-year research on Gravity Hills and Mystery Spots as related to very high density Type B dark matter are described on my two websites at:

My Science Website (2): Dark Matter and Dark Energy - Learning from Mystery Spots and Gravity Hills

and

My Science Website (1): http://www.shltrip.com/Magnetic_Hill.html

4.3. Should All These Deep Underground Laboratories Have The Same Probability of Detecting Dark Matter?

The existence of these special gravity mysteries at these special locations of Gravity Hills and Mystery Spots on earth indicates that the distribution of Type B high density dark matter on earth is NOT uniform, but is highly concentrated at these special locations of Gravity Hills and Mystery Spots. Therefore, we cannot expect all these deep underground laboratories at various locations of the world to have the same or similar probability of detecting Type B dark matter. It all depends on whether the dark matter detector in a particular laboratory intercepts one of such narrow stream of extreme high density Type B dark matter particles or not.

4.4. Benefit and Challenge of High Density Narrow Stream for Detection of Type B Dark Matter on Earth

The density of Type B dark matter in the core of the fountain or in the narrow streams is much higher than that of Type A dark matter in galaxy dark matter halo by many orders of magnitude such that the DAMA/LIBRA collaboration in Italy is able to detect Type B dark matter in reasonable amount of time if the detector is lucky to be at the right locations to intercept the narrow stream of extreme high density Type B dark matter. This luck can be tested and checked by four tests proposed in Section 5.

But the narrowness of the streams of high density Type B dark matter existing only at special locations makes many other deep underground laboratories produce null result because the detectors in those laboratories are at the wrong locations and do not intercept any of such narrow streams of Type B dark matter.

4.4.1. Why Two Experiments in the Same Laboratory Get Very Different Results

Furthermore, the width of the narrow stream high density Type B dark matter is very narrow in the order of feet. This is the reason that DAMA/LIBRA collaboration can detect Type B dark matter, but XENON Series of experiment about 100 meters away in the same huge Gran Sasso National Laboratory cannot detect the high density Type B dark matter because the narrow stream of high density Type B dark matter is about 100 meters away at the location of DAMA/LIBRA instead of XENON.

4.5. My Model for Signature of Annual Modulation in Detected Signal

In my theory, the reason for the signature of annual modulation in the detected signal is due to the seasonal variation of the distance between the sun and the earth because the earth’s orbit around the sun is not circular, but is elliptical. The gravity anchor to anchor the long and narrow stream of oscillating dark matters in earth is elastic. With such elastic gravity anchor, the seasonal variation in the strength of solar gravity on earth causes seasonal slight variation of the location of the narrow stream of high density Type B dark matter oscillating in the earth gravity well. The cross section size of these long streams of oscillating high density dark matter in earth gravity well is very small in the order of feet as described in Important Finding 1 in Section 2.6 in My Science Website (2). Therefore, the solar induced movement in the position of such narrow steam of very high density dark matter can show up as the annual modulation in the detected dark matter signal. For the convenient of discussion, I shall call this as the solar gravity model causing the annual modulation in the detected dark matter signal.

My solar gravity model for annual modulation in detected signal is very different from the Dark Matter Wind model used by DAMA/LIBRA collaboration team and by some other scientists.

In the Dark Matter Wind model, the annual modulation is assumed to be due to the seasonal variation in the wind speed of dark matter wind in galaxy dark matter halo as seen by the dark matter detectors on earth while the earth orbits around the sun and the entire solar system orbits around the center of Milky Way Galaxy. In other words, Dark Matter Wind model implies the detected Annual Modulation is a result of the Earth moving throughout the galaxy's halo of dark matter. They believe that as the Earth orbits the Sun, the velocity of the detector relative to the dark matter halo will vary by a small amount depending on the time of year.

The paper posted April 4, 2018 to the physics preprint site, arxiv.org, by the three physicists, Professor Katherine Freese, Sebastian Baum and Chris Kelso, showed that the standard dark-matter WIMP in galaxy dark matter halo cannot produce the new (Phase 2) measured DAMA signal, i.e., the newer and better DAMA data in Phase 2 in recent additional six years after the DAMA experiment system was upgraded to increase its sensitivity to lower energy level. In other words, the DAMA data is NOT consistent with the theoretically predicted behavior based on the Dark Matter Wind model. This paper implies that the observed annual modulation in the detected DAMA signal is NOT due to the seasonal variation in dark matter wind model, but is due to some other mechanism. A possible other mechanism for such observed annual modulation is my solar gravity model described above.

4.6. Why Deep Underground Laboratory in Minnesota Has Also Detected Type B Dark Matter

I believe what CoGeNT in the deep underground laboratory in Soudan, Minnesota, USA has detected are also Type B high density dark matter for the follow reasons:

4.6.1. High Density and Detection of Dark Matter Particles in Multiple Detectors

The CoGeNT data from deep underground laboratory in Minnesota indicate detection of dark matter particles in multiple detectors. This experimental finding provides an important hint that the density of dark matter particles in the stream of dark matter particles being detected is extremely high which is a signature of high density Type B dark matter. It is a strong indication that what has been detected is NOT Type A low density dark matter in galaxy dark matter halo because low density Type A dark matter cannot be detected in multiple detectors.

On the other hand, my dark matter based theory derived from Gravity Hill Mystery and Shrink-and-Grow Mystery predicts that the mass density of the core of the fountain of dark matter in the earth must be at least 1,000 times greater than that of ordinary matter on earth surface. Therefore, both experimental data from deep underground laboratory in Minnesota and my dark matter based theory derived from Gravity Hill Mystery and Shrink-and-Grow Mystery consistently indicate that the mass densities of dark matter particles in the streams of dark matter particles at these special locations in the earth are extremely high such that multiple dark matter particles are being detected in multiple detectors in Minnesota.

4.6.2. Streaming of Detected Dark Matter Particles

The CoGeNT data from deep underground laboratory in Minnesota, USA agrees neatly with DAMA/LIBRA data from deep underground laboratory in Italy if the detected dark matter particles are assumed to be streaming in certain direction. Such streaming of dark matter particles inferred from the data from deep underground laboratories agrees with streaming of dark matter particles predicted from my dark matter based theory derived from Gravity Hill Mystery and Shrink-and-Grow Mystery. In other words, what have been detected in DAMA/LIBRA in Italy and in CoGeNT in Minnesota are not uniformly distributed low density dark matter in galaxy dark matter halo but are very high density dark matter streaming in certain direction which is consistent with my results from my study of Gravity Hills and Mystery Spots on earth.

5. How To Verify Successful Detection of Type B Dark Matter in Italy and in Minnesota?

An important question is whether DAMA/LIBRA collaboration and CoGeNT in those two deep underground laboratories in Italy and Minnesota are so lucky to have their detectors intercepting the narrow streams of very high density Type B dark Matter.

This important question can be answered by simple tests for several important signatures of high density Type B dark Matter as described in the following subsections.

5.1. First Signature of Extreme High Density Type B Dark Matter - Significant Abnormal Local Gravity

One of several important signatures of the narrow stream of extreme high density Type B dark matter is the existence of significant abnormal local gravity near the narrow stream of extreme high density Type B dark matter oscillating in earth gravity well. Therefore, my theory predicts existence of significant abnormal local gravity near the detectors in those two deep underground laboratories in Italy and in Minnesota.

It is then important to test for the existence of significant abnormal local gravity near the detector locations in those two deep underground laboratories in Italy and in Minnesota. Six methods for testing for existence of significant abnormal local gravity are described in My Science Websites (1) and (2) listed above.

5.2. Human Detector for Effects of High Density Type B Dark Matter

In addition to the measurements of the significant abnormal local gravity near the vertical streams of very high density Type B dark matter (i.e., near the dark matter detector) by various instruments, the human body can also feel several effects of high density Type B Dark Matter as we learned from the experience over many years from many visitors to several Mystery Spots on earth.

5.2.1. Human Detector for Strong Abnormal Local Gravity of High Density Type B Dark Matter

When people stand very close to the center of a Mystery Spot Area (i.e., the vertical stream of very high density Type B dark matter), people can feel a very strong horizontal gravity pull towards the center of the Mystery Spot. The horizontal gravity pull can be so strong such that people cannot stand upright, but are standing at a substantial slanted angle. In such slanted standing posture, when people look straight down, people cannot see their own feet or their own shoes. This is one of the mysteries that all visitors experience when they are very close to the center of one of the known Mystery Spots.

As people take a few steps away from the center of the Mystery Spot Area, the horizontal gravity pull decrease substantially so that people can stand upright more easily and comfortably.

So, when people stand close to the dark matter detector in DAMA/LIBRA collaboration in Gran Sasso National Laboratory and show the effect of strong abnormal local gravity on people described above, it is an indication of the existence of a stream of high density Type B dark matter at the location of the dark matter detector in the Gran Sasso National Laboratory.

Similarly, whether or not there is a stream of high density Type B dark matter at the dark matter detector of CoGeNT, in Soudan, Minnesota, USA can also be tested by human feeling described above.

5.2.2. Shrink-and-Grow Mystery

The second important signature is that high density Type B dark matter shrinks the spacetime in its vicinity by a few percent as described in My Science Website (6):

My Science Website (6): Spacetime Shrinking by Dark Matter as the Source of Dark Energy Revealed from Shrink-and-Grow Mystery

The percentage shrinking of spacetime is distance dependence and decreases as the distance increases away from the narrow stream of high density Type B dark matter. Such distance dependent of spacetime shrinking can be tested by the well known Shrink-and-Grow Mystery demonstration as described in My Science Website (6).

In such demonstration, two persons stand on level ground about two or three feet apart near the center of a Mystery Spot Area. One person stands very close to the center of Mystery Spot Area (i.e., location of the vertical stream of very high density Type B dark matter) while the other person stands about two or three feet away from the center of the Mystery Spot Area. When the two persons switch their standing positions, their relative height changes by several inches, the taller person becomes shorter while the shorter person becomes taller. Such change in relative height is due to the distance dependence of spacetime shrinking by the stream of very high density Type B dark matter.

It is then important to test for the distance dependence of spacetime shrinking in those two deep underground laboratories in Italy and in Minnesota as one of the critical verification tests for the direct detection of Type B high density dark matter in those two deep underground laboratories. Such distance dependence of spacetime shrinking manifests as the well known Shrink-and-Grow Mystery as described in My Science Website (6).

These test results are also very important for us to understand dark energy as related to dark matter as described in My Science Website (6) listed above.

5.2.3. Effect of High Density Dark Matter on Human Being and Other Animals

From the experience of Mystery Spot Areas, we learned that some more sensitive people may feel seasick, or motion sickness or nausea or dizzy when they are close to the center of the Mystery Spot Area as described on Page 15 in here. Some other people hear ringing in their ears when they are in Mystery Spot Area. This is probably due to the sensitivity of these people to the effects of the stream of high density dark matter such as (1) strong abnormal local gravity near the center of the Mystery Spot Area and (2) significant spacetime shrinking by the stream of high density Type B dark matter in its vicinity.

Such effects on human being can be tested by having sensitive people standing near the dark matter detector in the deep underground laboratories in Italy or in Minnesota. If sewnsitive people feel seasick, or motion sickness or nausea or dizzy or hear ringing in their ears, the follow on test is for those people to walk a distance of hundreds of feet away from the dark matter detector to see if the ill feeling subsides or not. If the tested results indicate ill feeling when people are near the dark matter detector and the ill feeling subsides substantially when those people walk away from the dark matter detector, then it is a confirmation of the existence of the stream of high density Type B dark matter at the dark matter detector in the deep underground laboratories in Italy or in Minnesota.

One may ask how do we find people who are sensitive to the effects of stream of high density Type B dark matter? We can find out by inviting potential candidates to visit several known Mystery Spot Areas in USA and ask them to get close to the center of those Mystery Spot Areas. Sensitive people will show the effects of seasick, or motion sickness or nausea or dizzy or ringing in the ears when they are close to the center of the Mystery Spot Area.

5.3. Strange Failures or Malfunction of Some Digital Electronic Devices

Another signature of the high density Type B dark matter is the strange failures or malfunction of some (but not all) digital electronic devices when they are in a Mystery Spot Area as described in Section 8.3. below. But these digital devices work well and normally when they are moved out and away from the Mystery Spot area.

Therefore, this is another signature to test for the existence of high density Type B dark matter near the dark matter detector in the deep underground laboratories in Italy or in Minnesota.

If the measured results confirm existence of these signatures described in Sections 5.1 to 5.3, they are strong confirmation and verification for successful direct detection of Type B high density dark matter in those two deep underground laboratories in Italy and in Minnesota.

The validated successful direct detection of Type B high density dark matter by human being for the first time will be a major milestone and accomplishment in modern science.

6. How can Fountain of Type B high density dark matter stays steadily at the special location of a Gravity Hill or a Mystery Spot?

During my presentation on September 29, 2016 in Monmouth County Library, one important question raised by the audience is "How can fountain of Type B high density dark matter stays steadily at the location of a Gravity Hill or a Mystery Spot knowing that dark matter rarely interact directly with ordinary matter?" The answer to this important question is that it is not a solid and rigid fountain of high density dark matter. Instead, the fountain of dark matter is the tip of a very long and narrow stream of Type B high density dark matter that is trapped in earth gravity well and is oscillating in earth gravity well. More details are explained in Section 5 of My Science Website (2) listed above.

7. Next Phase of More Advanced Dark Matter Experiments

Based on my theory, we know the locations of very high density Type B dark matter on earth at

Hundreds of known Gravity Hills,

Several known Mystery Spots, and

Those two deep underground laboratories in Italy and in Minnesota

The next phase of more advanced dark matter experiments should be done at these special locations of extreme high concentration of Type B dark matter, so that we have better chance to find out what Type B dark matter is.

These special locations may be also important to investigate various unfamiliar processes, such as dark radiation, dark force, dark light, fifth fundamental force, dark photon or other yet unknown processes associated with Type B dark matter in the dark sector of universe.

On the other hand, there are some proposals to use the sodium iodide detectors, similar to that used in DAMA in Italy laboratory, in other locations to test the validity of claimed dark matter detection in Italy. From my viewpoint, this is a wrong test. The critical factor is to be at the right LOCATION of extreme high density Type B dark matter, not the detector material, for successful detection and investigation of Type B dark matter.

8. More on Two Types of Dark Matter and Dark Interaction Processes in Dark Sector of Universe

8.1. Existence of Type B High Density Dark Matter on Earth

Although we cannot see dark matter directly, several problems and mysteries in several different astronomy observations all point to the existence of Type A low density dark matter in galaxy dark matter halo which has been attracting the attention of most scientists working on dark matter research.

In addition to the low density dark matter, several pioneer scientists have also explored and proposed dark radiation, dark force, dark light, fifth fundamental force, dark photon or other yet unfamiliar processes in the dark sector of universe. These unfamiliar processes in the dark sector of the universe are important for the existence of Type B high density dark matter.

On the other hand, my more than 20-year research on gravity mysteries at Gravity Hills and in Mystery Spots on earth indicates that very high concentration of Type B dark matter exist at many special locations of Gravity Hills and Mystery Spots on earth.

8.2. Preliminary Experimental Findings of Previously Unknown Force Carrier Boson

The results of two recent experiments provide preliminary hints of existence of previously unknown force carrier boson that may interact with dark matter and of previously unknown interactive processes in the dark sector of universe:

8.2.1. Hungarian Experiment

Recent (2015) experiments by Professor Attila Krasznahorkay and his colleagues at the Hungarian Academy of Sciences’s Institute for Nuclear Research in Debrecen, Hungary provide a preliminary hint of experimental findings of dark photon or new force carrier boson. A follow up analysis of the Hungarian experimental results by Professor Jonathan Feng and his colleagues at the University of California, Irvine indicates that this could be the signature of a previously unknown fifth fundamental force of nature.

8.2.2. Large Hadron Collider (LHC) Experiment

Professor Bruce Mellado, the leader and his team of 35 scientists of High Energy Physics Group (HEP) at University of the Witwatersrand from South Africa have been working on the experiments at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at the European Organisation for Nuclear Research (CERN), on the French-Swiss border. Based on a number of features and peculiarities of the data reported by the experiments at the LHC and collected up to the end of 2012, the Wits HEP group in collaboration with scientists in India and Sweden formulated the Madala hypothesis. This hypothesis describes an entirely new boson, named as the Madala boson, that interacts with dark matter. When the experiment at the LHC was repeated in 2015 and 2016, the team found the findings lined up with those which had triggered their hypothesis.

CERN now has a new NA64 project to run a new experiment to try to detect dark photons.

8.3. Failures of Some Digital Electronic Devices in Mystery Spot Areas and Dark Interaction Processes

Many visitors (including me) have reported their strange experience of failures or malfunction of some (but not all) of their digital electronic devices when they are in a Mystery Spot area. These digital electronic devices work perfectly when they are outside of the area of the Mystery Spot, but do not work properly when they are inside the Mystery Spot area.

Nobody knows or understands the reason(s) for such strange failures or malfunction of such digital electronic devices. A possible preliminary explanation is in Section 6.5 of My Science Website (2). Such strange failures or malfunction of some digital electronic devices in a Mystery Spot area may be providing us an important preliminary hint that there may be some yet unknown "dark" interaction processes between Type B high density dark matter and these digital electronic devices when these digital devices are close to the stream of high density Type B dark matter.

8.3.1. Failure of Digital Body Weight Scale

For example, in my second visit of the Mystery Spot in Santa Cruz, California in 2012, my younger son, living in Mountain View, California, responded to my request, brought his digital body weight scale from his apartment to Mystery Spot intended for our simple experiment to measure my body weight on the two standing positions of Shrink-and-Grow Mystery demonstration platform. However, that digital body weight scale did not work in the Mystery Spot. It is very strange in that the digital body weight scale works properly in my son's apartment in Mountain View both before and after our trip to Mystery Spot. We still do not know why that digital body weight scale did not work in the Mystery Spot.

On the other hand, in my third visit of Mystery Spot in Santa Cruz on January 11, 2016, we brought an analog body weight scale for my body weight measurements, the analog body weight scale worked well with no problem.

8.3.2. Strange Behavior of GPS Navigator

I had another experience of very strange behavior of my portable GPS navigator when it was near the area of a Mystery Spot, known as Cosmos Mystery Area, in South Dakota. It is described in more details in Section 8 on My Science Website at:

http://www.shltrip.com/Additional_Information_On_Gravity_Hills.htm

8.3.3. Trouble with a Magnetometer

A gentleman with the name of Trento brought a magnetometer to do some measurements and testing in Oregon Vortex. Mr. Trento complained of not being able to calibrate his machine back to a zero setting when they are in certain area in the Oregon Vortex area. Evidently, such zero setting needs to be done after each result in order to take a new reading. The instrument worked well otherwise, but such trouble happened only in certain area in Oregon Vortex as described on Page 8 in here.

Several other people have also reported similar failures or malfunction of their digital electronic devices when they are in a Mystery Spot area. Some more examples can be seen here, here, here and Page 8 in here.

By digging into visitors' reports on Internet, one may see more examples of such strange failures of digital electronic devices in a Mystery Spot area.

Therefore, the high concentration of Type B dark matter at these special locations of Mystery Spot areas and Gravity Hills may be providing the golden opportunity for scientists to conduct next phase of more advanced dark matter experiments to investigate the characteristics of dark matter and of the "dark" interaction processes in the dark sector of universe.

8.4. Type B Dark Matter and Cycle of Mass Extinctions on Earth

Mass extinctions on earth such as the one that wiped out the dinosaurs seem to happen with regularity, pointing to possible cosmic causes. Theoretical physicists Lisa Randall and Matthew Reece, of Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts, propose a mechanism for this regularity of about 35 million years. In their proposal, there is a disk of higher density dark matter (i.e., Type B dark matter) that cuts the Milky Way Galaxy into a top and a bottom half like the two bread slices in a sandwich. As the Solar system follows the swirling motion of the Galaxy's arms, circling around the galactic centre, it also moves up and down, periodically crossing this disk of Type B dark matter. Professors Randall and Reece suggest that as the Solar system oscillates up and down, it crosses a denser layer of dark matter (i.e., Type B dark matter) causing a gravitational push and pull that disturbs comets in the Oort cloud. In other words, the Solar System's periodic passage through a 'dark disk' on the galactic plane triggers comet bombardments that cause periodic mass extinctions on earth.

9. Concluding Remark

The experimental results, the hypothesis and the theories on this website help us understand that:

(I) not all dark matters are Type A low density dark matter.

(II) a fraction of dark matter exists as very high density Type B dark matter at those special locations of Gravity Hills and Mystery Spots on earth, and somewhere else such as the dark disk on the plane of Milky Way Galaxy as described by Professor Lisa Randall.

(III) the concepts of dark radiation, dark light, and dark photon in dark sector of universe as proposed by Professor Lisa Randall of Harvard University, Professor Sean Carroll at the California Institute of Technology, and several other scientists are not just intellectual curiosity, but are essential processes for the existence of Type B high density dark matter at hundreds of Gravity Hills and several Mystery Spots on earth and somewhere else.

(IV) Many problems and mysteries observed in several independent astronomy observations all point consistently to the existence of dark matter in galaxy dark matter halo.

(V) Many mysteries observed on hundreds of Gravity Hills and several Mystery Spots on earth all point consistently to the existence of Type B high density dark matter at these special locations on earth and may be somewhere else.

(VI) Type B dark matter may have been detected successfully already in the deep underground Gran Sasso National Laboratories in Italy and in Minnesota, USA, although the necessary follow up verification tests in these two deep underground laboratories as described in Section 5 have yet to be done.

(VII) There are at least two different types of dark matter, thus we are making some progress in our preliminary understanding of characteristics of dark matter and of their dark interaction processes in the dark sector of the universe.

(VIII) It is important for the science community to recognize the importance of these special locations of Gravity Hills and Mystery Spots for next phase of more advanced dark matter experiments so that we will have better chance to find out what dark matter is, the space shrinking characteristics of dark matter and its relation to dark energy and those unfamiliar processes of dark radiation, dark force, dark light, fifth force, dark photos, etc. in the dark sector of universe.

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The index of websites of Dr. Sing H. Lin's research on science including dark matter, dark energy, Gravity Hills and Mystery Spots is at:

• Index of Websites of Dr. Sing H. Lin's Research on Science

Biography of the author of this website is at:

• Biography of Dr. Sing H. Lin