Chronologies
MONARCHS: chronological lists
The following lists represent an attempt to provide a detailed and accurate account of the chronological and genealogical sequence of monarchs from earliest times to the present in various historically significant areas. Over time coverage will be gradually extended to include additional monarchies and the various lists are occasionally revised and updated. Since this is an informal publication, annotation, original research, and any bibliographical or reference notation are kept at a minimum. Political formations that never attained sovereign (independent) status are generally not included in this presentation.
The monarchs are listed in chronological order with a short note regarding their succession to the throne. A short introduction is intended to provide a very basic overview of each monarchy and supply some relevant notes. Names are presented in a standardized form reflecting current vernacular usage, or in a faithful and consistent (even if "pedantic") transliteration if the vernacular does not employ a form of the Latin alphabet.
See note on conventions.
See note on transliteration.
NOTE: Some browsers or hosting sites do not display all pdf features correctly; if your browser does not display features, characters, or annotations correctly on the screen, it is best to download the pdf file and view it on your own device.
The Ancient Near East and Persia
Earlier rulers of Mesopotamia (traditional kinglists, chronology uncertain)
Rulers of Assyria and Babylonia: chronology 1671-539 BC
Earlier rulers of Egypt (traditional kinglists, chronology uncertain)
Rulers of Egypt: chronology 1540-310 BC
Rulers of Elam: chronology ?-520 BC
Rulers of the Hittites (Hatti) and select "Neo-Hittite" states: chronology c.1600-c.700 BC
Rulers of Mittani (Hanigalbat): chronology c.1550-c.1250 BC
Rulers of Israel and Judah: chronology 1030-586 BC
Rulers of Damascus and select "Aramaean" states: chronology ?-c.700 BC
Rulers of Urartu: chronology c.860-c.600 BC
Rulers of Media: chronology c.700-c.550 BC
Rulers of Phrygia and Lydia: chronology c.750-c.547/30 BC
Rulers of Persia: Achaemenid Empire: chronology 559-329 BC
Rulers of Persia: Arsacid (Parthian) Empire: chronology 247 BC-AD 228
Rulers of Persia: Sasanid (Neo-Persian) Empire: chronology 224-651
The Hellenistic World and the Clients of Rome
Rulers of Mycenaean Greece (traditional kinglists, chronology uncertain)
Rulers of Sparta: chronology 1195-192 BC
Rulers of Macedon: chronology 718-148 BC
Rulers of Egypt: the Ptolemies: chronology 306-30 BC
Rulers of Syria: the Seleucids: chronology 306-30 BC
Rulers of Pergamon: the Attalids: chronology 283-129 BC
Rulers of Epirus: chronology 429-157 BC
Rulers of Gela and Syracuse: chronology 505-214 BC
Rulers of Armenia: chronology 366 BC-AD 428
Rulers of Bithynia: chronology 326-74 BC
Rulers of Bosporus: chronology 438 BC-AD 370
Rulers of Cappadocia: chronology 334 BC-AD 17
Rulers of Cilicia: chronology 64 BC-AD 72
Rulers of Commagene: chronology 170 BC-AD 72
Rulers of Galatia and Paphlagonia: chronology 59-25/6 BC
Rulers of Iberia and Lazica: chronology 200 BC-AD 580
Rulers of Pontus: chronology 450 BC-AD 64
Rulers of Thrace: chronology 450 BC-AD 46
Rulers of Judaea (Hasmoneans and Herodians): chronology 166 BC-AD 92
Rulers of Roman client states in Syria and Mesopotamia: chronology 169 BC-AD 106
Rulers of Numidia and Mauretania: chronology 220 BC-AD 40
The Roman Empire and its Successors
Roman and Byzantine emperors: chronology 27 BC-AD 1453 (Roman rulers at Rome, Constantinople, Nicaea, Trebizond, Thessalonica, in Epirus, in Morea)
Barbarian Europe
Rulers of the Anglo-Saxons: chronology c.455-829 (Kent, East Anglia, Mercia, Northumbria, Sussex, Essex, Wessex)
Early Briton Rulers: chronology c.400-889/1412 (Britons, Welsh, Dal Riata Scots, Picts, Strathclyde)
Rulers of the Bavarians: chronology c.555-788
Rulers of the Burgundians: chronology c.400-613
Rulers of the Franks: chronology c.460-751
Rulers of the Gepids: chronology c.450-567
Rulers of the Lombards: chronology c.500-774
Rulers of the Ostrogoths: chronology c.450-554 (including Odoaker)
Rulers of the Suevi: chronology 406-585
Rulers of the Thuringians: chronology c.460-719
Rulers of the Vandals: chronology c.400-534
Rulers of the Visigoths: chronology c.395-714
Rulers of the Western Steppes: chronology c.375-1584 (Huns, Bulgars, Avars, Khazars)
Medieval and Modern Europe
The Papacy: chronology 32-(present)
Rulers of Albania: chronology c.1190-1946
Rulers of Aragon: see Spain
Rulers of Asturias: see Spain
Rulers of Austria: chronology 976-1918 (including Carinthia, Carniola, Gorizia, Illyria, Istria and Merania, Styria, and Tyrol)
Rulers of Belgium: chronology 1549-(present)
Rulers of Bohemia: chronology 870-1918 (including Moravia and Great Moravia)
Rulers of Bosnia and Hercegovina: chronology 1254-1477
Rulers of Bulgaria: chronology 629-1946
Rulers of Burgundy: chronology 751-1806
Rulers of Byzantium: see Roman and Byzantine emperors
Rulers of Castile: see Spain
Rulers of Courland: see Latvia
Rulers of Croatia and Slavonia: chronology 818-1945
Rulers of Denmark: chronology 909-(present) (including Hedeby/Haithabu)
Rulers of England: see Great Britain
Rulers of Epirus (Epeiros): see Roman and Byzantine emperors
Rulers of Finland: chronology 1250-1918
Rulers of France: chronology 751-1870 (including Aquitaine, Brittany, Ducal Burgundy)
Rulers of Galicia and Lodomeria: chronology 987-1918
Rulers of Germany: chronology 751-1918 (including German kings and emperors, and various German principalities)
Rulers of Great Britain and the United Kingdom: chronology 802-(present) (including England, Scotland, Wales, Moray, Strathclyde, Man, the Isles; see also Viking rulers in Britain)
Rulers of Greece: chronology 1832-1973
Rulers of Holy Roman Empire: chronology 800-1806 (for fuller list of monarchs see Germany; for component states see Germany, Italy, Burgundy, Austria, etc.)
Rulers of Hungary: chronology 895-1944
Rulers of Ireland: chronology 445-1183 (see also Great Britain for 1183-1929)
Rulers of Italy: chronology 774-1946 (including Savoy, Sardinia, Italy, Naples, Sicily, Two Sicilies, and early modern north-Italian principalities; see also the Papacy and Venice)
Rulers of Kiev: see Russia
Rulers of Latvia: chronology 1561-1795
Rulers of Liechtenstein: chronology 1608-(present)
Rulers of Lithuania: chronology 1204-1918
Rulers of Leon: see Spain
Rulers of Luxembourg: chronology 963-(present)
Rulers of Majorca: see Spain
Rulers of Malta: see Italy
Rulers of Monaco: chronology 1297-(present)
Rulers of Montenegro: chronology c.971-1918 (including Zeta/Dioclea)
Rulers of Moldavia: see Romania
Rulers of Moravia: see Bohemia
Rulers of Naples: see Italy
Rulers of Navarre: see Spain
Rulers of the Netherlands: chronology 1549-(present)
Rulers of Nicaea (Nikaia): see Roman and Byzantine emperors
Rulers of Norway: chronology c.800-(present) (including Vestfold)
Rulers of Poland: chronology 963-1915
Rulers of Portugal: chronology 1093-1910
Rulers of Rus' and Russia: chronology 882-1917 (including Kiev, Vladimir-Suzdal', Muscovy, Tver', Rjazan', Nižnij Novgorod)
Rulers of Romania: chronology 1324-1947 (including Wallachia and Moldavia)
Rulers of Sardinia: see Italy
Rulers of Scotland: see Great Britain
Rulers of Serbia: chronology c.840-1945 (including Yugoslavia)
Rulers of Sicily: see Italy
Rulers of Spain: chronology 718-(present) (including Asturias, León, Castile, Navarre, Aragón, Barcelona/Catalonia, Majorca; for Muslim rulers see Islamic World below)
Rulers of Sweden: chronology 930-(present)
Rulers of Transylvania: see Hungary
Rulers of Trebizond (Trapezous): see Roman and Byzantine emperors
Rulers of the Two Sicilies: see Italy
Rulers of Venice: chronology 726-1797
Rulers of the Vikings in Britain and Ireland: chronology 853-1471 (including Dublin, Waterford, York, East Anglia, Orkney)
Rulers of Wallachia: see Romania
Rulers of Wales: see Early Briton rulers and Great Britain
Rulers of Yugoslavia: see Serbia
Rulers of Europe: Legitimist claimants to the thrones of abolished monarchies
Crusader States and the Christian East
Rulers of Medieval Armenia: chronology 806-1437 (including Ani, Kars, Loṙi, Tarōn, Vaspurakan, Siunia/Syunik', Xač'ēn; see also Cilician Armenia)
Rulers of Medieval and Modern Georgia: chronology 813-1867 (including Iberia, K'art'li, Kaxet'i, Abasgia/Ap'xazet'i, Imeret'i, Guria, Meschia/Mesxet'i/Samc'xe)
Rulers of Cilician Armenia: chronology 1080-1393
Rulers of the Crusader States in "Outremer": chronology 1099-1489 (including Jerusalem, Cyprus, Edessa, Antioch, Tripoli)
Rulers of the Latin Empire in "Romania": chronology 1204-1387 (including Constantinople, Thessalonica, Achaea/Morea, Athens, Bodonitsa, Salona, Naxos, Cephalonia)
Rulers of Ethiopia (Abyssinia): chronology c.1150-1975 (including Shoa/Shewa and Tigray)
The Islamic World
Rulers of the Islamic Caliphate: chronology 630-1924 (including Rāšidūn caliphs at Medina, Umayyads at Damascus, ‘Abbāsids at Baghdad and Cairo, Ḥāšimites in the Hijaz, Fāṭimids in Maghrib and at Cairo, Umayyads at Córdoba)
Rulers of Muslim Spain: chronology 756-1492
Rulers of Muslim Sicily and Crete: chronology 827-1091
Rulers of Morocco: chronology 789-(present)
Rulers of Algeria: chronology 761-1555
Rulers of Tunisia: chronology 795-1957
Rulers of Libya: chronology 1001-1969
Rulers of Medieval and Modern Egypt: chronology 868-1953
Rulers of Medieval and Modern Syria and Iraq: chronology 905-1920 (see also Egypt)
Rulers of Hijaz and Jordan: chronology 966-1925 and 1921-(present)
Rulers of Najd and Saudi Arabia: chronology c.1720-(present)
Rulers of Yemen: chronology 818-1970
Rulers of Azerbaijan and Muslim Caucasia: chronology c.760-1834 (see also Medieval and Modern Persia)
Rulers of Medieval and Modern Iraq and Syria: chronology 820-1958 (see also Caucasia, Turkey, and Persia)
Rulers of Medieval and Modern Persia / Iran: chronology 945-1979
Rulers of Medieval and Modern Afghanistan: chronology 977-1973
Rulers of Medieval Turkey and the Ottoman Empire: chronology 1081-1924
Rulers of Muslim India: chronology 1206-1947/1955 (Delhi, the Great Mughals, and Muslim successor states until integration into the Indian Republic or Pakistan)
Mongol Rulers in Central Asia: chronology 1227-1920
Mongol Rulers in the Western Steppes: chronology 1227-1845
The Far East and South Asia
Rulers of Bhutan: chronology 1634-(present)
Rulers of Burma: chronology 754-1885
Rulers of Cambodia: chronology c.550-(present)
Rulers of China: chronology c.1600 BC-AD 1912
Rulers of the Eastern Steppes: chronology 209 BC-AD 923 (Xiongnu, Xianbei/Tungus, Rouran, Tujue/Gök Turks, Tugishi/Türgish, Huihu/Uyghurs)
Rulers of Early India: chronology c.540-c.650 (including Mauryas, Sungas, Kanvas, Indo-Greeks, Indo-Scythians, Indo-Parthians, Kushanas, Hunas, and Satavahanas)
Rulers of Medieval and Modern India: chronology c.300-1947/1951 (non-Muslim rulers from the Guptas until integration into the Indian Republic or Pakistan)
Muslim Rulers of India (see under Islamic World above)
Rulers of Japan: chronology 40 BC-(present)
Rulers of Korea: chronology 57 BC-AD 1910
Rulers of Laos: chronology 1316-1975
Rulers of Mongolia: chronology 1206-1924
Mongol Rulers in Central Asia (see under Islamic World above)
Mongol Rulers in Persia (see Medieval Persia above)
Mongol Rulers in the Western Steppes (see under Islamic World above)
Rulers of Nepal: chronology 1347-2008
Rulers of Siam and Thailand: chronology 1238-(present)
Rulers of Sikkim: chronology 1642-1975
Rulers of Tibet and Ladakh: chronology c.600-1959
Rulers of Vietnam: chronology 207 BC-AD 1955
The New World
Rulers of Brazil: chronology 1815-1889
Rulers of Mexico: chronology c.1250-1867
Rulers of Peru (Incas): chronology c.1200-1781