Code-Division Multiple Access communication networks have been developed by a number of companies over the years, but development of cell-phone networks based on CDMA (prior to W-CDMA) was dominated by Qualcomm, the first company to succeed in developing a practical and cost-effective CDMA implementation for consumer cell phones and its early IS-95 air interface standard has evolved into the current CDMA2000 (IS-856/IS-2000) standard. Qualcomm created an experimental wideband CDMA system called CDMA2000 3x which unified the W-CDMA (3GPP) and CDMA2000 (3GPP2) network technologies into a single design for a worldwide standard air interface. Compatibility with CDMA2000 would have beneficially enabled roaming on existing networks beyond Japan, since Qualcomm CDMA2000 networks are widely deployed, especially in the Americas, with coverage in 58 countries as of 2006[update]. However, divergent requirements resulted in the W-CDMA standard being retained and deployed globally. W-CDMA has then become the dominant technology with 457 commercial networks in 178 countries as of April 2012.[10] Several CDMA2000 operators have even converted their networks to W-CDMA for international roaming compatibility and smooth upgrade path to LTE.
UMTS-TDD tends to be allocated frequency intended for mobile/wireless Internet services rather than used on existing cellular frequencies. This is, in part, because TDD duplexing is not normally allowed on cellular, PCS/PCN, and 3G frequencies. TDD technologies open up the usage of left-over unpaired spectrum.
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Even with current technologies and low-band UMTS, telephony and data over UMTS requires more power than on comparable GSM networks. Apple Inc. cited[36] UMTS power consumption as the reason that the first generation iPhone only supported EDGE. Their release of the iPhone 3G quotes talk time on UMTS as half that available when the handset is set to use GSM. Other manufacturers indicate different battery lifetime for UMTS mode compared to GSM mode as well. As battery and network technology improve, this issue is diminishing.
SAN DIEGO, June 6 /PRNewswire-FirstCall/ -- QUALCOMM Incorporated(Nasdaq: QCOM), a leading developer and innovator of advanced wirelesstechnologies and mobile data solutions, today announced that it has enteredinto a WCDMA subscriber unit license agreement with Sagem Communication(SAFRAN Group). Under the terms of a royalty-bearing agreement, QUALCOMM hasgranted Sagem Communication a worldwide license under its patent portfolio todevelop, manufacture and sell 3G WCDMA subscriber units at QUALCOMM's standardworldwide royalty rates.
"QUALCOMM is pleased to license its patented technologies to SagemCommunication, enabling yet another European company to compete in the dynamicand rapidly growing opportunities for 3G WCDMA products," said Marvin Blecker,president of QUALCOMM Technology Licensing. "We are quite pleased thatQUALCOMM's proactive licensing business model continues to enable new entrantsto introduce exciting new 3G WCDMA products, providing operators and consumerswith increasing choices among a large array of product offerings at all pricepoints."
QUALCOMM Incorporated ( ) is a leader in developingand delivering innovative digital wireless communications products andservices based on CDMA and other advanced technologies. Headquartered in SanDiego, Calif., QUALCOMM is included in the S&P 500 Index and is a 2007 FORTUNE500(R) company traded on The Nasdaq Stock Market(R) under the ticker symbolQCOM.
3 Conclusions
 Network sharing is getting wide attention from operators and equipment vendors. Based on the latest findings of 3GPP, this paper analyzes and summarizes its implementation solutions and key technologies. The study on network sharing support enhancement of UTRAN in Release 6 network has basically finished in December 2004. The study results have approved by the related 3GPP work group. It is expected to be written into corresponding protocols.
This is made possible by a great variety of cellular technology which has evolved over time, and have their roots all across the world. In this article, we'll be breaking down these technologies, which contributed to the evolution of cell phone communication and helped the transition from analog to digital modulation.
Even though these technologies are designed to improve network capacity, reduce latency, improve data speeds, and provide us with better signal, they are not perfect. Sometimes we experience slow speeds, dropped calls, and poor signal due to the distance between your phone and the closes cell tower, or building material blocking the signal's path. Fortunately, cell phone signal boosters can help solve those problems. They eliminate dropped calls, improve your signal strength, and improve your data speeds.
Imagine how much spectrum would be needed to support the cellular demand of today's day and age. To optimize the use of frequency bands, cell phone communication systems started using digital telecommunication technologies.
GSM and CDMA are two forms of radio technologies that cell phone networks use to transmit voice and data. GSM is used by most of the world. The United States, however, uses both GSM and CDMA networks. In the United States, Verizon Wireless, and U.S. Cellular use CDMA, while AT&T and T-Mobile use GSM.
The main difference between CDMA and GSM technologies is how they connect to the network. GSM phones use removable Subscriber Identification Module (SIM) cards to access the network. By contrast, CDMA phones are directly connected to the network. So, if you ever decided to switch phones, GSM devices require you to pop your SIM card into the new phone. On the other hand, CDMA devices require you to get in contact with your cellular service provider to make the change. For that reason, many GSM iPhones, Samsungs, Google Pixels, and LGs, experience compatibility issues when trying to connect them to a CDMA carrier, and vice versa.
TDMA and CDMA are both channel access technologies. Channel access technologies allow multiple users to share the same frequency band when sending and receiving information. These two standards of digital technology use different algorithms to transmit information between devices.
EVDO, HSPA, and HSPA+ are mobile broadband technologies. Meaning, these technologies make accessing the internet through your phone possible. 3G CDMA networks utilize EVDO, while 3G GSM networks use HSPA and HSPA+. The differences between EVDO and HSPA are how they work and the speeds they can achieve.
HSPA is the mobile broadband technology used by the 3G UMTS network. HSPA is composed of two different protocols: High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) and High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA). These technologies enhanced the original 3G data rates of 2 Mbps downlink and 128 Kbps uplink, to 14.4 Mbps downlink and 5.8 Mbps uplink.
LTE allows us to make phone calls, send text messages, browse the web, stream high-quality videos, and play games. To fulfill all of these demands with low latency and high speeds, LTE uses different technologies to transmit information from a cell site to a mobile device (known as downlink), and to transmit information from a mobile device to a cell site (known as uplink). It utilizes Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) for the downlink and Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) for the uplink. These technologies improved the channel compacity to allow more people to send and receive information at fast speeds.
Due to the technologies it uses, the LTE network offers a maximum download speed of 300 Mbps and a maximum upload speed of 75Mbps. Enhancements were later made to the 4G LTE standard and speed improved. LTE Advanced offered download speeds up to 1Gbps and LTE Advanced Pro supported download speeds up to 3 Gbps.
I think it is quite likely that getCdmaDbm() and getCdmaEcio() methods are for CDMA networks, not WCDMA (CDMA and WCDMA are different technologies) which leaves me high and dry in terms of trying to get 3G measurements out of the phone. Alternatively, there is some other methods out there but I simply can't find them in the reference material on the web:
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In addition to spacing, directional antennas are used to avoid interference. Most cell sites use three antennas to create 120 sectors that allow frequency sharing (Fig. 6a). New technologies like smart antennas or adaptive arrays use dynamic beamforming to shrink signals into narrow beams that can be focused on specific users, excluding all others (Fig. 6b).
So, what is the future of communications access technologies? There is no one-size-fits-all answer to this question, as the future of each communications access technology will depend on the specific requirements of the applications and networks that they are being used for. However, it is generally agreed that FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, OFDMA, and SDMA will all continue to play important roles in communications systems in the future. They will continue to provide higher bandwidths and capacities to meet the needs of businesses and consumers. The trend toward more wireless and mobile communications will continue as well, as these technologies offer more flexibility and increased throughput for future generations. 0852c4b9a8