Return an arrayref of hashref. Each hashref presents a definition of the given Chinese $character. Currently valid keys for that hashref are 'category' and 'definition'. 'category' refers to different sources of defintions on zdic.net web-site. Usually there are more then two of them.

If you are looking for a free source, consider the dictionary of ctext.org. If not much, it will at least provide the whole text of Kangxi dictionary definition in a digitized format, so if you already read Classical Chinese on a basic level, it will allow to get the general gist of things.


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Personally, out of the non-Chinese language dictionaries of Classical Chinese, I am very partial to the dictionary attached to Kai Vogelsang's Introduction to Classical Chinese, so if there is any chance to (somehow, such as through institutional access) get hold of it, it would be probably a better option than all of the entries above. I mean, it contains the data that one generally expects from a language dictionary (such as Old Chinese pronuunciation, parts of speech, how the word combines with other words), which Classical Chinese dictionaries ordinarily neglect. Kroll is a helpful addition to that, but only an addition; its definitions are brief, and its stronger sides are just more characters and medieval usages.

The first time I used a Chinese dictionary, I gave up immediately. Even explanations of simple words I knew well contained many words and characters I had never even seen before. In other words, I stepped into the labyrinth and saw the path ahead of me fork off in more directions than I could count. Picking one at random, I found that the next intersection was equally unfamiliar.

Thus, before you even think about entering the labyrinth, try to find out something about it, preferably by asking an advanced learner or a native speaker who can easily judge which dictionary is the most suitable for you (links to online dictionaries are included at the end). I would never ever recommend Merriam-Webster to a beginner (or even fairly advanced students), because the Longman dictionary is good enough for almost all situations. However, sometimes Merriam-Webster is a lot more complete and accurate, making it the preferred choice. It all depends on what knowledge and tools you carry with you into the labyrinth.

For your Chinese to English, English to Chinese, and Chinese to Chinese dictionary needs, I recommend that you download the Pleco App to your device. There are many excellent features and dictionaries that can be purchased within the App.

Click anywhere on the homepage to access the dictionary. There is a search box at the top right of the next page where you can enter a particular Chinese character to see what variant ways the character has been written. You can also find a character by using the number of strokes in the "radical" to drill down to the appropriate graph.

I looked again at the documentation for pinyin package and realised that it serves a different dictionary for the web version compared to its Node version. The web version is simpler and smaller in file size. The author encourages that this pinyin conversion should be done in the back-end instead of front-end ?.

So I tried a few ways to somehow force the library to use the Node version but to no avail. I ended up using a different library called pinyin-pro, currently maintained by Zhou Li Xiang. It seems to have the whole dictionary and able to handle heteronyms too!

Find definitions, spellings, and word suggestions in this free online searchable dictionary that features over 200,000 entries, 70,000 audio word pronunciations, and 900 full-page color illustrations.

A list of the pronunciation symbols used in this Dictionary is given below in the column headed AHD. The column headed EXAMPLES contains words chosen to illustrate how the AHD symbols are pronounced. The letters that correspond in sound to the AHD symbols are shown in boldface. Although similar, the AHD and IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) symbols are not precisely the same because they were conceived for different purposes.

I saw nciku only yesterday for the first time. I began to study Chinese.

Your experimentation is fun. It makes me laugh.

Thank you for the useful information about a new free Chinese online dictionary, nciku.

@Jim is a better man than I am to recognize the word  out of that collection of vaguely Chinese-ey looking marks. It looks to me more like random copying of the strokes of a character by someone who couldn't read Chinese, and so just chose something to copy from a section of a book or dictionary with military terms in it. But maybe it's a style of calligraphy that I've managed to miss all these years. I wouldn't bet the farm on it actually being , but stranger things have turned out to be true.

5) As the Section 2.1 indicates, in English, 39 gustatory and olfactory-synaesthetic dead metaphors have been found, which take up 48.1% of the total. On the contrary, in Chinese, 56 gustatory and olfactory-synaesthetic dead metaphors have been spot, which account for 48.3% of the total. These dead metaphors are entrenched in our daily life so that we even do not realize they are metaphorical. However, in this study, there are 64.2% regu- lar transfer routes in English GO-STM and 70.7% in Chinese one. Therefore, we can predict that the other regu- lar synaesthetic meaning is probably to be added in dictionary in the near future.

The Chinese concept of "gift" is verbalized by a sign ^L^ (present; offering; gift; tribute). Separately the character ^L denotes a gift, courtesy, etiquette. In combination with other characters it has the following interpretation: a polite welcome, courteous attitude, manners, and politeness. In turn, as follows from http:// www.trainchinese.com/v1/a_user/index.php, the character ^ means "a thing, an object". Thus, one can conclude that the Chinese gift is a peculiar act of courtesy. The Electronic Dictionary of the Chinese Language on http:// xh.5156edu.com/html5/297760.html gives the following interpretation of the character ^L^: the thing presented in order to show respect or congratulate, in a general sense it is the thing that is presented. According to the dictionary in the resource , ^L^ is interpreted as the thing presented to a person; the thing given on a holiday with friendly intentions. The site subview/54278/6478972.htm gives the following definition: in the social sense "gifts" are things that people exchange in order to express their thoughts, wishes and show friendly intentions. The analysis of these entries shows that all interpretations agree that the word "gift" in the Chinese refers to an object that is presented and

In Russian, according to the Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary on com/words/24006.shtml, a gift is a thing which is presented or was presented; something good, pleasant (usually as a sign of respect, appreciation); a great and unexpected good luck, joy. The dictionary on the resource: gramota.ru/slovari/dic/?word gives the following definitions: something which is presented or was presented; something that affords pleasure or pleases; not a gift is someone or something that none too good (no sugar). According to http:// ushakovdictionary.ru/word., a gift is an object or thing which is voluntarily gratuitously given, presented, donated to someone for the purpose of pleasing, benefiting; the object, occurrence which afforded an unexpected pleasure. So, for the Russians, a gift is something which is presented. It is also important that it mustn't be material; it may be a joyful event or something pleasant.

Comparing the dictionary meaning of "gift" concept in Russian and Chinese, one can detect some similarities and differences. In both languages it was noted that the gift is a thing presented as a donation. However, in China they make it to pay tribute, to show good or friendly intentions, and in Russia the goals are different (to please, to benefit). Besides in the Russian language the word "gift" has a number of figurative meanings which it does not have in Chinese. ff782bc1db

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