For exit() and _Exit(): [CX] The functionality described on this reference page is aligned with theISO C standard. Any conflict between the requirements described here and the ISO C standard is unintentional. This volumeof IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 defers to the ISO C standard.

The exit() function shall first call all functions registered by atexit(),in the reverse order of their registration, except that a function is called after any previously registered functions that hadalready been called at the time it was registered. Each function is called as many times as it was registered. If, during the callto any such function, a call to the longjmp() function is made that would terminatethe call to the registered function, the behavior is undefined.

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The _Exit() [CX] and _exit() functionsshall not call functions registered with atexit() nor any registered signal handlers.Whether open streams are flushed or closed, or temporary files are removed is implementation-defined. Finally, the calling processis terminated with the consequences described below.

[XSI] If the parent process has set its SA_NOCLDWAIT flag, or set SIGCHLD to SIG_IGN, the status shall be discarded, and the lifetime ofthe calling process shall end immediately. If SA_NOCLDWAIT is set, it is implementation-defined whether a SIGCHLD signal is sent tothe parent process.

The parent process ID of all of the calling process' existing child processes and zombie processes shall be set to the processID of an implementation-defined system process. That is, these processes shall be inherited by a special system process.

If the exit of the process causes a process group to become orphaned, and if any member of the newly-orphaned process group isstopped, then a SIGHUP signal followed by a SIGCONT signal shall be sent to each process in the newly-orphaned process group.

[ML] Anymemory locks established by the process via calls to mlockall() or mlock() shall be removed. If locked pages in the address space of the calling process are alsomapped into the address spaces of other processes and are locked by those processes, the locks established by the other processesshall be unaffected by the call by this process to _Exit() or _exit().

[TRC] If the calling process is a trace controller process, any trace streams that were created by the calling process shall be shut downas described by the posix_trace_shutdown() function, and any process'mapping of trace event names to trace event type identifiers built for these trace streams may be deallocated.

Early proposals drew a distinction between normal and abnormal process termination. Abnormal termination was caused only bycertain signals and resulted in implementation-defined "actions", as discussed below. Subsequent proposals distinguished threetypes of termination: normal termination (as in the current specification), simple abnormal termination, andabnormal termination with actions. Again the distinction between the two types of abnormal termination was that they werecaused by different signals and that implementation-defined actions would result in the latter case. Given that these actions werecompletely implementation-defined, the early proposals were only saying when the actions could occur and how their occurrence couldbe detected, but not what they were. This was of little or no use to conforming applications, and thus the distinction is not madein this volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001.

The implementation-defined actions usually include, in most historical implementations, the creation of a file named corein the current working directory of the process. This file contains an image of the memory of the process, together withdescriptive information about the process, perhaps sufficient to reconstruct the state of the process at the receipt of thesignal.

There is a potential security problem in creating a core file if the process was set-user-ID and the current user is notthe owner of the program, if the process was set-group-ID and none of the user's groups match the group of the program, or if theuser does not have permission to write in the current directory. In this situation, an implementation either should not create acore file or should make it unreadable by the user.

Despite the silence of this volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 on this feature, applications are advised not to createfiles named core because of potential conflicts in many implementations. Some implementations use a name other thancore for the file; for example, by appending the process ID to the filename.

A language other than C may have other termination primitives than the C-language exit() function, and programs writtenin such a language should use its native termination primitives, but those should have as part of their function the behavior of_exit() as described. Implementations in languages other than C are outside the scope of this version of this volume ofIEEE Std 1003.1-2001, however.

The sending of a SIGHUP to the foreground process group when a controlling process terminates corresponds to somewhat differenthistorical implementations. In System V, the kernel sends a SIGHUP on termination of (essentially) a controlling process. In 4.2BSD, the kernel does not send SIGHUP in a case like this, but the termination of a controlling process is usually noticed by asystem daemon, which arranges to send a SIGHUP to the foreground process group with the vhangup() function. However, in 4.2BSD, due to the behavior of the shells that support job control, the controlling process is usually a shell with no other processesin its process group. Thus, a change to make _exit() behave this way in such systems should not cause problems with existingapplications.

The termination of a process may cause a process group to become orphaned in either of two ways. The connection of a processgroup to its parent(s) outside of the group depends on both the parents and their children. Thus, a process group may be orphanedby the termination of the last connecting parent process outside of the group or by the termination of the last direct descendantof the parent process(es). In either case, if the termination of a process causes a process group to become orphaned, processeswithin the group are disconnected from their job control shell, which no longer has any information on the existence of the processgroup. Stopped processes within the group would languish forever. In order to avoid this problem, newly orphaned process groupsthat contain stopped processes are sent a SIGHUP signal and a SIGCONT signal to indicate that they have been disconnected fromtheir session. The SIGHUP signal causes the process group members to terminate unless they are catching or ignoring SIGHUP. Undermost circumstances, all of the members of the process group are stopped if any of them are stopped.

The action of sending a SIGHUP and a SIGCONT signal to members of a newly orphaned process group is similar to the action of 4.2BSD, which sends SIGHUP and SIGCONT to each stopped child of an exiting process. If such children exit in response to the SIGHUP,any additional descendants receive similar treatment at that time. In this volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, the signalsare sent to the entire process group at the same time. Also, in this volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, but not in 4.2 BSD,stopped processes may be orphaned, but may be members of a process group that is not orphaned; therefore, the action taken at_exit() must consider processes other than child processes.

It is possible for a process group to be orphaned by a call to setpgid() or setsid(), as well as by process termination. This volume ofIEEE Std 1003.1-2001 does not require sending SIGHUP and SIGCONT in those cases, because, unlike process termination,those cases are not caused accidentally by applications that are unaware of job control. An implementation can choose to sendSIGHUP and SIGCONT in those cases as an extension; such an extension must be documented as required in tag_hash_130.

The Entry/Exit System (EES) will be an automated IT system for registering travellers from third-countries, both short-stay visa holders and visa exempt travellers, each time they cross an EU external border. The system will register the person's name, type of the travel document, biometric data (fingerprints and captured facial images) and the date and place of entry and exit, in full respect of fundamental rights and data protection.

It will also record refusals of entry. EES will replace the current system of manual stamping of passports, which is time consuming, does not provide reliable data on border crossings and does not allow a systematic detection of over-stayers (travellers who have exceeded the maximum duration of their authorised stay).

EES will contribute to prevent irregular migration and help protect the security of European citizens. The new system will also help bona fide third-country nationals to travel more easily while also identifying more efficiently over-stayers as well as cases of document and identity fraud. In addition to this, the system will enable to make a wider use of automated border control checks and self-service systems, which are quicker and more comfortable for the traveller.

EES is among the measures undertaken as part of the Security Union and will help achieve the objectives of the European Agenda on Security and the European Agenda on Migration in particular regarding border management and preventing cross-border crime and terrorism.

The European Commission presented the proposal for EES on 6 April 2016 as part of the revised Smart Borders Package. After negotiations with the European Parliament and the Council the co-legislators reached an agreement in July 2017. The EES Regulation, together with a targeted amendment of the Schengen Border Code, were adopted on 20 November 2017 and entered into force on 29 December 2017. 9d4ff6ea65