World Map Outline Vector Free Download [REPACK]

Vectors are living organisms that can transmit infectious pathogens between humans, or from animals to humans. Many of these vectors are bloodsucking insects, which ingest disease-producing microorganisms during a blood meal from an infected host (human\r\n or animal) and later transmit it into a new host, after the pathogen has replicated. Often, once a vector becomes infectious, they are capable of transmitting the pathogen for the rest of their life during each subsequent bite/blood meal.\r\n

Vector-borne diseases are human illnesses caused by parasites, viruses and bacteria that are transmitted by vectors. Every year there are more than 700,000 deaths from diseases such as malaria, dengue, schistosomiasis, human African trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis,\r\n Chagas disease, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis and onchocerciasis.\r\n

World Map Outline Vector Free Download

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The following table is a non-exhaustive list of vector-borne disease, ordered according to the vector by which it is transmitted. The list also illustrates the type of pathogen that causes the disease in humans.

WHO Secretariat provides strategic, normative and technical guidance to countries and development partners for strengthening vector control as a fundamental approach based on GVCR to preventing disease and responding to outbreaks. Specifically WHO responds to vector-borne diseases by:

A crucial element in reducing the burden of vector-borne diseases is behavioural change. WHO works with partners to provide education and improve public awareness, so that people know how to protect themselves and their communities from mosquitoes, ticks, bugs, flies and other vectors.

Vectors are living organisms that can transmit infectious pathogens between humans, or from animals to humans. Many of these vectors are bloodsucking insects, which ingest disease-producing microorganisms during a blood meal from an infected host (humanor animal) and later transmit it into a new host, after the pathogen has replicated. Often, once a vector becomes infectious, they are capable of transmitting the pathogen for the rest of their life during each subsequent bite/blood meal.

Vector-borne diseases are human illnesses caused by parasites, viruses and bacteria that are transmitted by vectors. Every year there are more than 700,000 deaths from diseases such as malaria, dengue, schistosomiasis, human African trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis,Chagas disease, yellow fever, Japanese encephalitis and onchocerciasis.

Internal administrative divisions of countriesNatural Earth shows de facto boundaries by default according to who controls the territory, versus de jure. Adjusted to taste which boundaries are shown, hidden, and how they are rendered using the fclass_* properties to create POV worldviews.[drain file 127 show nev_download][drain file 269 show nev_download][drain file 126 show nev_download][drain file 355 show nev_download]

There are 258 countries in the world. Greenland as separate from Denmark. Most users will want this file instead of sovereign states, though some users will want map units instead when needing to distinguish overseas regions of France.Natural Earth shows de facto boundaries by default according to who controls the territory, versus de jure. Optional point-of-view (POV) variants are available for several dozen countries in the next section. [drain file 21 show nev_download][drain file 335 show nev_download]

Natural Earth is a public domain map dataset available at 1:10m, 1:50m, and 1:110 million scales. Featuring tightly integrated vector and raster data, with Natural Earth you can make a variety of visually pleasing, well-crafted maps with cartography or GIS software.

SVG is a vector graphics format. SVG has advantages over PNG for creating world maps of arbitrary detail or zoom level, certain editing purposes, saving layers, and rescaling text, curves and lines. SVG is preferred: see Wikipedia:WikiProject_Maps.

Vector-borne diseases also have wider socioeconomic impacts, increasing health inequities, and acting as a brake on socioeconomic development. The burden of climate-sensitive diseases is greatest for the poorest populations. For example, the per capita mortality rate from vector-borne diseases is almost 300 times greater in developing nations than in developed regions [1], both because vector-borne diseases are more common in the tropical climates of many developing countries, and also because of low levels of socioeconomic development and coverage of health services in these areas. In addition, vector-borne disease risks are typically much greater for poor individuals within any population owing to poorer environmental and social conditions (e.g. lower-quality housing situated closer to vector-breeding sites), and lack of access to preventive and curative health interventions and services [4].

Even for diseases that are less strictly correlated with poverty, and populations that are comparatively better protected, vector-borne diseases nonetheless have important impacts on individuals, households and on health systems. For example, an estimated 500 000 people with severe dengue require hospitalization each year, a large proportion of whom are children. Estimates based on studies from across eight countries indicate that an average dengue episode represents 14.8 lost days for ambulatory patients (at an average cost of US$ 514) and 18.9 days for non-fatal hospitalized patients (at an average cost of US$ 1491) [5]. Epidemics of vector-borne disease have the capacity to overwhelm health systems, and impact on other sectors, such as tourism.

Important progress has been made against vector-borne diseases, through a combination of poverty alleviation and socioeconomic development, increased access to health services, larger scale and more coordinated control programmes, and the development and deployment of more effective interventions. As a result of these successes, the proportional contribution of vector-borne diseases to global mortality has fallen in recent years [2]. Nonetheless, important challenges remain. Not all vector-borne diseases are decreasing in incidence globally, and some diseases such as malaria, which are decreasing at the global scale, are stable or increasing in specific locations. In addition, the sustainability of the gains that have been made in combatting vector-borne disease is at risk from factors such as insecticide and drug resistance, the difficulties in maintaining political will and resources for disease control programmes as incidence is driven to low levels, and the potential for spread or re-emergence of diseases, with potentially much greater health impacts in populations that have lost immunity (e.g. for malaria, see [6]).

In summary, vector-borne diseases constitute an important cause of death, disease burden and health inequity, a brake on socioeconomic development, and a strain on health services. Continued progress in controlling these diseases is therefore an important contribution to global health, development and security.

Given the strength and range of these connections, it is not surprising that there is abundant observational evidence of the effects of meteorological factors, from seasonal and interannual patterns of disease incidence in specific locations, to the strong explanatory power of climate variables in accounting for the geographical distribution of most, if not all, vector-borne diseases [7]. Long-term anthropogenic climate change interacts with natural variability, influencing vector-borne disease transmission from shorter (e.g. annual) to longer (e.g. decadal) time scales, with variable effects at different times and in different locations. These influences may reinforce each other, for example in locations where the temperature increases associated with El Nio events are superimposed on long-term increase in temperature, or may oppose each other, for example as changes in global temperature over the past decade or so appear to have currently damped the longer-term upward temperature trends [15].

The complexity of these interactions means that the effect of climate change, and the nature and extent of interaction with non-climate factors, varies markedly by diseases and by location. The effects of climate on disease transmission may be obscured, for example where the vectors are relatively buffered against weather and climate owing to living entirely inside houses (such as the triatomine bugs, which transmit Chagas disease), or where the pathogens have long development periods in the host (such as the nematode worms that cause filariasis). Even in diseases with superficially similar transmission cycles can be affected very differently by climate change. The difference can be illustrated by consideration of malaria and dengue, two of the most important and well-studied vector-borne diseases, both anthroponoses transmitted by mosquitoes.

The relationships between meteorological factors and either the components of the transmission cycle (e.g. parasite development rates, vector biting and survival rates) or the observed geographical distribution of disease have been used to generate predictive models. These link projections of future scenarios of climate change, with more recent models also including other determinants including GDP (as a measure of socioeconomic and technological development), and, in some cases, urbanization. The outputs of most of the models produced to date are necessarily highly approximate as they are affected both by uncertainties in climate projections and future development trends and by the confounding effect of natural climate variability over short to medium timescales (i.e. years to one to two decades). They can therefore give indications of broad trends for periods averaged over several decades (e.g. the proportional effect of climate changes in population at risk at the global or continental scale for the 2030s or the 2050s), rather than at local level for specific years. e24fc04721