In cities such as Delhi, the ancient language Old Hindi began to acquire many Persian loanwords and continued to be called "Hindi" and later, also "Hindustani".[40][32][52][27][42] An early literary tradition of Hindavi was founded by Amir Khusrau in the late 13th century.[53][54][55][56] After the conquest of the Deccan, and a subsequent immigration of noble Muslim families into the south, a form of the language flourished in medieval India as a vehicle of poetry, (especially under the Bahmanids),[57] and is known as Dakhini, which contains loanwords from Telugu and Marathi.[58][59][60]
According to the Navadirul Alfaz by Khan-i Arzu, the "Zaban-e Urdu-e Shahi" [language of the Imperial Camp] had attained special importance in the time of Alamgir".[65] By the end of the reign of Aurangzeb in the early 1700s, the common language around Delhi began to be referred to as Zaban-e-Urdu,[30] a name derived from the Turkic word ordu (army) or orda and is said to have arisen as the "language of the camp", or "Zaban-i-Ordu" means "Language of High camps"[29] or natively "Lashkari Zaban" means "Language of Army"[66] even though term Urdu held different meanings at that time.[67] It is recorded that Aurangzeb spoke in Hindvi, which was most likely Persianized, as there are substantial evidence that Hindvi was written in the Persian script in this period.[68]
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Owing to interaction with other languages, Urdu has become localised wherever it is spoken, including in Pakistan. Urdu in Pakistan has undergone changes and has incorporated and borrowed many words from regional languages, thus allowing speakers of the language in Pakistan to distinguish themselves more easily and giving the language a decidedly Pakistani flavor. Similarly, the Urdu spoken in India can also be distinguished into many dialects such as the Standard Urdu of Lucknow and Delhi, as well as the Dakhni (Deccan) of South India.[22][58] Because of Urdu's similarity to Hindi, speakers of the two languages can easily understand one another if both sides refrain from using literary vocabulary.[17]
Some Indian Muslim schools (Madrasa) teach Urdu as a first language and have their own syllabi and exams.[139] In fact, the language of Bollywood films tend to contain a large number of Persian and Arabic words and thus considered to be "Urdu" in a sense,[140] especially in songs.[141]
Apart from religious associations, the differences are largely restricted to the standard forms: Standard Urdu is conventionally written in the Nastaliq style of the Persian alphabet and relies heavily on Persian and Arabic as a source for technical and literary vocabulary,[170] whereas Standard Hindi is conventionally written in Devangar and draws on Sanskrit.[171] However, both share a core vocabulary of native Sanskrit and Prakrit derived words and a significant amount of Arabic and Persian loanwords, with a consensus of linguists considering them to be two standardised forms of the same language[172][173] and consider the differences to be sociolinguistic;[174] a few classify them separately.[175] The two languages are often considered to be a single language (Hindustani or Hindi-Urdu) on a dialect continuum ranging from Persianised to Sanskritised vocabulary,[162] but now they are more and more different in words due to politics.[140] Old Urdu dictionaries also contain most of the Sanskrit words now present in Hindi.[176][177]
Mutual intelligibility decreases in literary and specialised contexts that rely on academic or technical vocabulary. In a longer conversation, differences in formal vocabulary and pronunciation of some Urdu phonemes are noticeable, though many native Hindi speakers also pronounce these phonemes.[178] At a phonological level, speakers of both languages are frequently aware of the Perso-Arabic or Sanskrit origins of their word choice, which affects the pronunciation of those words.[179] Urdu speakers will often insert vowels to break up consonant clusters found in words of Sanskritic origin, but will pronounce them correctly in Arabic and Persian loanwords.[180] As a result of religious nationalism since the partition of British India and continued communal tensions, native speakers of both Hindi and Urdu frequently assert that they are distinct languages.
Syed Ahmed Dehlavi, a 19th-century lexicographer who compiled the Farhang-e-Asifiya[205] Urdu dictionary, estimated that 75% of Urdu words have their etymological roots in Sanskrit and Prakrit,[206][207][208] and approximately 99% of Urdu verbs have their roots in Sanskrit and Prakrit.[209][210] Urdu has borrowed words from Persian and to a lesser extent, Arabic through Persian,[211] to the extent of about 25%[206][207][208][212] to 30% of Urdu's vocabulary.[213] A table illustrated by the linguist Afroz Taj of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill likewise illustrates the amount of Persian loanwords to native Sanskrit-derived words in literary Urdu as comprising a 1:3 ratio.[208]
The "trend towards Persianisation" started in the 18th century by the Delhi school of Urdu poets, though other writers, such as Meeraji, wrote in a Sanskritised form of the language.[215] There has been a move towards hyper Persianisation in Pakistan since 1947, which has been adopted by much of the country's writers;[216] as such, some Urdu texts can be composed of 70% Perso-Arabic loanwords just as some Persian texts can have 70% Arabic vocabulary.[217] Some Pakistani Urdu speakers have incorporated Hindi vocabulary into their speech as a result of exposure to Indian entertainment.[218][219] In India, Urdu has not diverged from Hindi as much as it has in Pakistan.[220]
Most borrowed words in Urdu are nouns and adjectives.[221] Many of the words of Arabic origin have been adopted through Persian,[206] and have different pronunciations and nuances of meaning and usage than they do in Arabic. There are also a smaller number of borrowings from Portuguese. Some examples for Portuguese words borrowed into Urdu are chabi ("chave": key), girja ("igreja": church), kamra ("cmara": room), qamz ("camisa": shirt).[222]
Although the word Urdu is derived from the Turkic word ordu (army) or orda, from which English horde is also derived,[223] Turkic borrowings in Urdu are minimal[224] and Urdu is also not genetically related to the Turkic languages. Urdu words originating from Chagatai and Arabic were borrowed through Persian and hence are Persianised versions of the original words. For instance, the Arabic ta' marbuta ( ) changes to he ( ) or te ( ).[225][note 2] Nevertheless, contrary to popular belief, Urdu did not borrow from the Turkish language, but from Chagatai, a Turkic language from Central Asia. Urdu and Turkish both borrowed from Arabic and Persian, hence the similarity in pronunciation of many Urdu and Turkish words.[226]
Urdu in its less formalised register has been referred to as a rekhtah (, [rexta]), meaning "rough mixture". The more formal register of Urdu is sometimes referred to as zabn-i Urd-yi muall ( [zban e rdu e molla]), the "Language of the Exalted Camp", referring to the Imperial army[227] or in approximate local translation Lashkari Zabn ( [lki: z:b:n])[228] or simply just Lashkari.[229] The etymology of the word used in Urdu, for the most part, decides how polite or refined one's speech is. For example, Urdu speakers would distinguish between pn and b, both meaning "water": the former is used colloquially and has older Sanskrit origins, whereas the latter is used formally and poetically, being of Persian origin.[citation needed]
I have a Urdu word "" and more similar words. How can I split the word that I get "" and "" separately in an array? I have tried converting the words to unicode characters, but I can,t detect the break between "" and "".
Space is inserted in Urdu (and Arabic script) for a practical need to demarcate words when the font would automatically ligature it with adjoining characters. The only way one can undo the ligature is by inserting a superfluous space between characters. Technically, the ZERO WIDTH NON-JOINER (U+200C) is precisely for this purpose but human beings are slow to learn and space is easy to insert.
an official language of Pakistan, also spoken in India. The script derives primarily from Persia. It belongs to the Indic branch of the Indo-European family of languages, being closely related to Hindi but containing many Arabic and Persian loan words
I have lot of files that contains urdu and english. I have to search for those words that are in urdu only. For english, I know its not a problem by using regular expression. r'[a-zA-Z]' But How I can use regular expression for urdu language.
For more information I refer you to declaring an encoding and unicode support in python. Consider switching to python3 because unicode support is mmuch better there if you are going to handle a lot of urdu.
I want to translate in Urdu Language. Is it possible that I may get all the strings and words in an excel for a word file so that I can download it, get printed and translate it? Then afterward I can copy paste in weblate system of yours one by one.
The development of modern Hindi and Urdu are complex, their differences developing in large part based on religion. When colonial British India was split into India and Pakistan in 1947, Hindi became an official language of India (a majority Hindu country) and Urdu, of Pakistan (majority Muslim). Other major differences between Hindi and Urdu are that Hindi is written in a script called Devanagari with many words from Sanskrit while Urdu is written in a modified Arabic script with many words from Persian and Arabic. e24fc04721
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