Department of Mechanical Engineering
Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
291, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
Lab. Website
wonho1456@kaist.ac.kr
mechanic1994@naver.com (Private)
Personal Links
Research Interests
Data-Driven Prognostic and Health Management
Digital Twin for Smart Mechanical Systems
Industrial AI
Last updated on June, 2025
Education
2023 ~
Present
Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering
(Advisor: Prof. Y. H. Park)
Daejeon
South Korea
2017 ~
2020
Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST)
School of Mechanical Engineering
Thesis: A Study on Electric Motor Fault Diagnosis Using Time-Series Imaging and Unsupervised Feature Learning
M.S. in Mechanical Engineering (Advisor: Prof. Hyunseok Oh)
Gwangju,
South Korea
2013 ~
2017
Gachon University
Department of Electronic Engineering
Thesis: Implementation of Quad-Rotor Hovering Systems with Tracking and Dynamic Modeling
B.S. in Electronic Engineering (Advisor: Prof. Jae-Pil Chung)
Honors: Summa Cum Laude
Seongnam,
South Korea
Work Experience
2023 ~
2023
Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)
Center for Noise and Vibration Control+, Department of Mechanical Engineering
Researcher(Advisor: Prof. Y. H. Park)
Daejeon,
South Korea
2020 ~
2023
Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)
Institute of Mechanical Technology
Technical Research Personnel (Alternative Military Service; 전문연구요원)
Daejeon,
South Korea
2017 ~
2020
Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST)
School of Mechanical Engineering
Graduate Assistant
Gwangju,
South Korea
Research Experiences
Invited Seminar
Top 6 진출
Invited Seminar
Invited Seminar
Invited Seminar
Teaching Assistant
Research Intern
An Study of the Motor Fault Diagnosis, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI)
E5-KAIST, "전류데이터 기반 모터 고장진단 AI솔루션 및 통합 센서"
Deep Learning Tutorial for Fault Diagnosis, Samsung Heavy Industries R&D Center
Deep Learning based Fault Diagnosis Method and Case Studies, Samsung Heavy Industries R&D Center
PHM Case Studies for Compressor, LG Electronics H&A R&D Center
Artificial Intelligence Summer/Winter School, Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers (KSME)
Department of Information and Communication Engineering, DGIST
2023
2022
2022
2021
2021
2018
2016
Awards and Honors
Travel Grant
우수상
수상
4th Prize (장려상)
4th Prize (장려상)
Award
First Prize (대상)
Bronze Prize (동상)
Young Professionals Award
Best Paper Award
Best Thesis Award
Best Paper Award
Best Poster Award
Best Paper Award
Honors
IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (Travel Grant 1500 USD)
제 5회 밀리테크 챌린지 우수연구멘토상, 공군사관학교장
NH-Amundi 소부장 장학금 (소재부품장비 기술자문단)
"KSME"-"LG Electronics" Future Home Tech. Challenge ("DeepONet을 활용한 세탁기 구동부 해석 모델 자동 최적화 기술")
"KSME"-"LG Electronics" Future Home Tech. Challenge ("정상데이터 기반 가변신호 이미지화를 통한 고장진단/수명예측 기법 개발")
Recognized Researcher Award, KAIST
"KSME"-"LG Electronics" Future Home Tech. Challenge ("전류 이미지화 기법을 이용한 회전체 고장진단 기법 개발")
"KSME"-"LG Electronics" Future Home Tech. Challenge ("드럼세탁기 상태진단을 위한 인공지능 및 전산역학 기반의 디지털 트윈 개발")
IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (Travel grant 2000 USD)
Korean Federation of Science & Technology Societies
International Conference on Materials and Reliability
PHM Korea 2019
KSME Spring Conference (Reliability Division)
Graduation with honors: Summa Cum Laude, Gachon University
2025
2024
2024
2023
2023
2022
2022
2022
2022
2021
2020
2019
2019
2018
2017
Journal Publication
W. Jung, J. Kim, D. Lim, and Y. Park, "Fault Diagnosis for Electric Motors Using Current Signal Imaging Method with Sparse Dictionary Learning," Journal of Ocean Engineering and Science, (Under-review) <IF: 11.8, SCI>
W. Jung, J. Kim, and Y. Park, "Ball Bearing Fault Diagnosis on Acoustic Wavelet Denoising Convolutional Neural Network Under Highly Background Noise," Scientific Reports, (Under-review) <IF: 3.8, SCI>
W. Jung, J. Kim, K. Jang, S. H. Yun, D. Lim, M. Jin, and Y. Park, "Vibration, Current, Torque, RPM Dataset for Multiple Fault Conditions in Industrial-Scale Electric Motors under Randomized Speed and Load Variations," Data in Brief, (Under-review) <Data Journal, SCIE>
W. Yi, W. Jung, K. Jang, and Y. Park, "Multi-output Classification using a Cross-talk Architecture for Compound Fault Diagnosis of Motors in Partially Labeled Condition," Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, (Under-review) <IF 8.9, SCI>
S. Cheong, W. Jung, Y. S. Lim, and Y Park, "Thermal-Infrared Remote-Target Detection System for Maritime Rescue Using 3D Game-Based Data Augmentation With GAN," IEEE Transaction on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 62, DOI: 10.1109/TGRS.2024.3454983 (2024) <IF: 7.5, 7.10 %, SCI>
W. Jung, S. H. Kim, and Y. Park, "Vibration, and Temperature Run-to-Failure Dataset of Ball Bearing for Prognostics," Data in Brief, (2024) <Data Journal, SCIE>
W. Jung, S. H. Kim, S. H. Yun, J. Bae and Y. Park, "Vibration, Acoustic, Temperature, and Motor Current Dataset of Rotating Machine Under Varying Operating Conditions for Fault Diagnosis," Data in Brief, Vol. 48, No. 3, 109049 (2023) <Data Journal, SCIE>
W. Jung, S. H. Yun, Y. S. Lim, S. Cheong, and Y. Park, "Vibration and Current Dataset of Three-Phase Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors with Stator Fault," Data in Brief, Vol. 47, No. 4, 108952 (2023) <Data Journal, SCIE>
W. Jung, S. H. Yun, Y. S. Lim, S. Cheong, J. Bae, and Y. H. Park, "Fault Diagnosis of Inter-turn Short Circuit in Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors with Current Signal Imaging and Unsupervised Learning," arXiv:2206.07651, (2022)
W. Jung, J. Bae, and Y. H. Park, "Acoustic Signal Based Non-Contact Ball Bearing Fault Diagnosis Using Adaptive Wavelet Denoising," arXiv:2110.03348, (2022)
J. Bae, W. Jung, and Y. H. Park, "Normal Data based Ball Bearing Fault Diagnosis Using CNN with Self-Labeling," Smart Structures and Systems, Vol. 29, No. 6, pp. 757-766, (2022) <IF: 3.342, 10 %, SCI>
W. Jung, H. Oh, D. Yun, Y. Kim, J. Youn, and J. Park, "Modified Recurrence Plot for Robust Condition Monitoring of Electrode Tips in a Resistance Spot Welding System," Applied Sciences, Vol. 10, No. 17, 5860, (2020) <IF: 2.474, 34.62 %, SCI>
W. Jung, D. Jeong, Y. Kim, C. Kim, H. Lee, H. Yu, J. Ryu, and H. Oh, "Deep Generative Models to Overcome an Insufficient Data Problem in Structural Health Diagnosis," Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineering A, Vol. 43, No. 3, pp. 169-176, (2019)
D. Jeong, Y. Kim, C. Kim, H. Lee, H. Yu, W. Jung, H. Oh, and J. Ryu, "Judgement of Tear of Fish Farming Nets Using Deep Learning," Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems, Vol. 24, No. 9, pp. 822-828, (2018)
International Conference
W. Jung, J. Kim, C. Yang, J. Kim, and Y. Park, "Tranfer Learning Based Motor Fault Diagnosis Using Motor Current Signals Robust to Speed, Load, and Capacity Variations," in Proceedings of the 51th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON-2025), Madrid, Spain (Under-review) (2025)
W. Jung, and Y. Park, "Acoustic Signal Based Ball Bearing Fault Diagnosis Using Adaptive Wavelet Denoising," in Proceedings of the 50th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON-2024), Chicago, USA (2024)
W. Yi, W. Jung, and Y. Park, "Performance Metric for Multiple Anomaly Score Distributions with Discrete Severity Levels," in Proceedings of the 50th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON-2024), Chicago, USA (2024)
W. Jung, D. Lim, B. H. Lim, and Y. Park, "Normal data-based motor fault diagnosis using stacked time-series imaging method," in Proceedings of SPIE. Smart Structures+Nondestructive Evaluation, Long Beach, California, USA (2024)
D. Lim, G. Y. Lee, K. J. Park, W. Jung, J. H. Kim, and Y. Park, "Time integration with proper generalized decomposition for efficient time response analysis in nonlinear dynamical systems," in Proceedings of SPIE. Smart Structures+Nondestructive Evaluation, Long Beach, California, USA (2024)
J. H. Kim, D. Lim, W. Jung, H. Lee, and Y. Park, "Condition Monitoring of Intelligent Tires Utilizing 1D CNN and Vibration Measurement," in Proceedings of SPIE. Smart Structures+Nondestructive Evaluation, Long Beach, California, USA (2024)
W. Jung, S. H. Yun and Y. Park, "Acoustic Signal based Non-Contact Ball Bearing Fault Diagnosis Using Adaptive Wavelet De-Noising," Asia Pacific Conference of the Prognostics and Health Management, Tokyo, Japan (2023)
S. H. Yun, W. Jung, D. Lim and Y. Park, "Anomaly Detection in Air Handling Units using Motor Current Signal Imaging for Belt Looseness Detection," Asia Pacific Conference of the Prognostics and Health Management, Tokyo, Japan (2023)
D. Lim, W. Jung, S. H. Yun, Y. Park and G. Y. Lee, "Digital Twin for Diagnosis of Belt Looseness in HVAC Systems using multi-body dynamics simulation," Asia Pacific Conference of the Prognostics and Health Management, Tokyo, Japan (2023)
S. J. Cheong, W. Jung, and Y. Park, "Infrared Image based Remote Target Detection for Maritime Rescue Utilizing a Deep Learning Network and Data Augmentation," in Proceedings of SPIE. Optics+Photonics, San Diego, California, USA (2023)
W. Jung, S. H. Yun, Y. S. Lim, S. Cheong, J. Bae, and Y. Park, "Fault Diagnosis of Inter-Turn Short Circuit in Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors with Current Signal Imaging and Unsupervised Learning," in Proceedings of the 48th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON-2022), Brussels, Belgium (2022)
S. H. Kim, W. Jung, D. Lim, and Y. Park, "Fault Diagnosis of Ball Bearing Using Dynamic Convolutional Neural Networks Under Varying Speed Condition," in Proceedings of the 48th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society (IECON-2022), Brussels, Belgium (2022)
W. Jung, D. Lim, J. Bae, and Y. Park, "Time-Series Imaging Method for Rotating Machinery Fault Diagnosis Using Unsupervised Sparse Dictionary Learning," in Proceedings of SPIE. Smart Structures+Nondestructive Evaluation, Vol. 12043, 120431B, Long Beach, California, USA (2022)
D. Lim, W. Jung, J. Bae, and Y. Park, "Utilization of High-Fidelity Simulation Data for Data Augmentation of Artificial Neural Net-based Rotor Faults Diagnosis," in Proceedings of SPIE. Smart Structures+Nondestructive Evaluation, Vol. 12043, 120431A, Long Beach, California, USA (2022)
J. Bae, W. Jung, and Y. Park, "Normal Data based Ball Bearing Anomaly Detection and Diagnosis Using Convolutional Neural Network with Self-Labeling," Asia Pacific Conference of the Prognostics and Health Management, Jeju, Korea (2021)
K. Lee, H. Oh, and W. Jung, "Distance-based Health Index of Rotating Machines Using Convolutional Autoencoder," Asia Pacific Conference of the Prognostics and Health Management, Jeju, Korea (2021)
W. Jung, H. Oh, D. Yun, and Y. Kim, "Detection of Spot Welding Electrode Tips Using CLAHE, Bilateral Filter and Hough Transform," International Conference on Materials and Reliability, Jeju, Korea (2019)
W. Jung, Y. Ban, and H. Oh, "Extremely High-Speed BLDC Motor Diagnosis Using Knowledge-based Vibration Features and ResNet-20," Asia Pacific Conference of the Prognostics and Health Management, Beijing, China (2019)
H. Lee, W. Jung, and H. Oh, "Machine-Independent Permanent Magnet Motor Diagnostics with Artificial Fault Seeding and Kernel-SVM Fault Classifier," in Proceedings of the ASME International Design Engineering Technical Conferences & Computers and Information in Engineering Conference, Quebec, Canada (2018)
W. Jung, and H. Oh, "Condition Monitoring and Object Recognition for Smart Fishery Management: A Review," 15th International Conference on Ubiquitous Robot, Hawaii, USA (2018)
Domestic Conference (No longer be updated after Jan. 2024)
정원호, 김준호, 박용화, "이미지화 기법 및 정상데이터만 이용한 하모닉 감속기 베어링 고장진단," KSNVE Conference, Yeosu, Korea (2023).
김준호, 정원호, 박용화, "Super-Resolution 기반 진동데이터 복원 기법을 활용한 악조건 속에서의 고장진단," KSNVE Conference, Yeosu, Korea (2023).
정원호, 윤성현, 임대근, 박용화, "전류 신호 이미지화 및 Self-Labeling 기법을 이용한 이상진단 기법과 실제 적용 사례," KSNVE Conference, Gangwon, Korea (2023).
정원호, 윤성현, 임대근, 박용화, "전류 신호 이미지화 및 Self-Labeling 기법을 이용한 이상진단 기법과 실제 적용 사례," KSNVE Conference, Gangwon, Korea (2023).
김성후, 정원호, 임대근, 윤성현, 박용화, "시간 동적 컨볼루션을 이용한 속도 가변 환경에서의 베어링 고장 진단," KSNVE Conference, Gangwon, Korea (2023).
정성진, 정원호, 임윤섭, 박용화, "고정 가중 커널 네트워크 기반 적외선 소형 객체 탐지 방법," KSNVE Conference, Gangwon, Korea (2023).
윤성현, 임대근, 정원호, 박용화, "모터 전류 신호 이미지화를 이용한 정상데이터 기반 공조기 이상진단," KSNVE Conference, Gangwon, Korea (2023).
W. Jung, S. H. Yun, D. Lim, K. B. Kim, and Y. Park, "Fault Diagnosis of Rotating Machine Using Vibration and Current Data Imaging," KSNVE Conference, Jeju, Korea (2022)
S. H. Yun, W. Jung, D. Lim, and Y. Park, "Developing Vibration Imaging Method for Fault Detection of Rotary Machine Under Varying Load Condition," KSNVE Conference, Jeju, Korea (2022)
W. Jung, D. Lim, S. Kim, and Y. Park, "Rotating Machinery Fault Diagnosis Using Wavelet Denoising and Symmetrized Dot Pattern Images with CNN," Spring Annual KSNVE Conference, Changwon, Korea (2022)
S. Kim, W. Jung, D. Lim and Y. Park, "Fault Diagnosis of Rotating Machinery Using Temporal Dynamic Convolutional Neural Network," Spring Annual KSNVE Conference, Changwon, Korea (2022)
D. Lim, W. Jung, J. Bae, S. Kim and Y. Park, "Fault Data Augmentation of the Rotating Machinery Using High-Fidelity Simulation Model," Spring Annual KSNVE Conference, Changwon, Korea (2022)
S. Cheong, W. Jung, and Y. Park, "Infrared Small Object Detection based on Histogram Transformation," KSME Spring Conference (Dynamic and Control Division), Suwon, Korea (2022)
W. Jung, Y. S. Lim, S. Cheong, and Y. Park, "Electric Motor Fault Diagnosis Using Current Data Imaging and Semi-Supervised Learning," KSME Spring Conference (Dynamic and Control Division), Suwon, Korea (2022)
W. Jung, J. Bae, D. Lim, and Y. Park, "Fault Diagnosis of Rotating Machinery Using Sparse Filtering Based Time-Series Imaging," KSNVE Conference, Jeju, Korea (2021)
W. Jung, S. Cheong, J. Bae, and Y. Park, "Development of Small Target Detection for Maritime Accident Monitoring Using 3D Game-Based Deep Learning," KSME Annual Conference, Gwangju, Korea (2021)
J. Bae, W. Jung, and Y. Park, "Normal Data based Ball Bearing Anomaly Detection Using Data Augmentation," KSME Spring Conference (Reliability Division), Online, Korea (2021)
W. Jung, J. Bae, and Y. Park, "Development of Small Object Detection for Maritime Accidents Using Deep Learning," KSME Annual Conference, Online, Korea (2020)
W. Jung, and H. Oh, "Modification of Recurrence Plot for Monitoring Spot Welding Electrode," PHM Korea, Seoul, Korea (2020)
W. Jung, and H. Oh, "Off-shore Structure Health Diagnosis Using Deep Generative Model and Edge Detection," PHM Korea, Seoul, Korea (2019)
W. Jung, and H. Oh, "Off-shore Structure Health Diagnostic Method Using Edge Detection and Deep Convolutional Neural Networks," KSME Spring Conference, Jeongseon, Korea (2018)
W. Jung, H. Lee, and H. Oh, "Deep Learning Generative Models for Mechanical System Fault Diagnostics with Imbalanced Sensor Data," KSME Spring Conference (CAE & Applied Mechanics Division), Yeosu, Korea (2018)
Patent
W. Jung, J. Bae, and Y. H. Park, "Current Data Imaging Method for Rotating Machinery Fault Diagnosis," Korea
(Patent Apl. No.: 10-2022-0032157)
W. Jung, S. Chung, and Y. H. Park, "Small Target Detection Using Game Data based Deep Learning," Korea
(Patent Apl. No.: 10-2022-0026734)
H. Oh, W. Jung, and K. Lee, "The Method for Detecting Fault of Motor," Korea
(Patent Apl. No.: 10-2020-0073742, Patent Reg. No.: 10-2309-5590000)
H. Oh, and W. Jung, "The Method for Monitoring Welding Electrode Condition," Korea
(Patent Apl. No.: 10-2020-0070332, Patent Reg. No.: 10-2274-5940000)
Industrial Project
Data-Driven Prognostic and Health Management
신성이엔지
삼성중공업
HD현대일레트릭
삼성중공업
LG전자
국방과학연구소
동서발전
LS전선
삼성중공업
한국과학기술원
효성중공업
한국기계연구원
한전KPS
한국연구재단
LG전자
SK텔레콤
AI알고리즘을 탑재한 예지보전시스템의 개발 (실무책임자)
회전체 장비 진동 RMS 예측 (실무책임자)
딥러닝 전이학습 기반 VFD 구동 전동기 진단 알고리즘 개발 (실무책임자)
기계독립적 인공지능 기반 이상 감지 기법 개발 (실무책임자)
전류신호 이미지화 기법을 이용한 컴프레서 저널베어링 마모 진단기술 개발 (실무책임자)
음향진동 자료 기반 인공지능 고장진단체계의 K1 전차 동력 장치 진단 연구
인공지능 기반 음향인식 기술을 이용한 수배전반 스마트 안전진단 플랫폼 개발
정상데이터 기반 구동모터 고장진단 기술개발 (실무책임자)
악조건 속에서의 진동,전류,영상데이터를 이용한 회전체 고장진단 및 수명예측 (실무책임자)
영구자석 전동기 고장진단을 위한 고장데이터 구축 사업 (실무책임자)
전동기 정상데이터 기반 이상진단 AI 알고리즘 개발 (실무책임자)
인공지능기반 기계시스템 예측진단 및 사고대응기술 개발
오프라인 진단회전설비 이상상태 감지 및 잔여수명예지 Hybrid 모델 개발
회전체 고장예지진단을 위한 인공지능기반 기계독립적 기술개발 (실무책임자)
청소기 팬모터 베어링수명 시험기술 개발 (실무책임자)
진동신호 기반 펌프/팬 건전성 예측 진단 알고리즘 개발 및 검증
2024.10 ~ 2025.02
2025.01 ~ 2025.08
2024.01 ~ 2025.12
2023.05 ~ 2023.12
2022.11 ~ 2023.08
2022.06 ~ 2024.05
2022.06 ~ 2024.05
2022.04 ~ 2023.03
2022.03 ~ 2022.12
2021.11 ~ 2022.06
2019.11 ~ 2020.12
2018.01 ~ 2020.12
2018.08 ~ 2020.04
2017.03 ~ 2020.02
2018.04 ~ 2019.03
2017.10 ~ 2018.05
Digital Twin for Smart Mechanical Systems
한국생산기술연구원
한전전력연구원
한국과학기술원
한국과학기술원
하모닉 감속기 고장 특성 분석 및 고장진단 (실무책임자)
인공신경망 및 전산역학 기반 풍력타워 구조 건전성 감시 기법 개발
디지털트윈 및 인공신경망 기반 공조기 건전성 모니터링 기법 개발 (실무책임자)
진동신호 기반 제조설비 이상진단을 위한 모션증폭기술 및 디지털트윈 모델링 기법 개발
2022.10 ~ 2023.11
2022.06 ~ 2024.05
2022.03 ~ 2024.12
2021.03 ~ 2021.12
Industrial AI
해양경찰청
생산기술연구원
광주과학기술원
연안고립자용 한국형 전천후 구조보트 개발 (실무책임자)
자동차 용접 품질 향상을 위한 인공지능 용접전극 관리 시스템 개발 (실무책임자)
스마트어장 적용을 위한 AI솔루션 기초기술 연구 (실무책임자)
2019.08 ~ 2023.12
2019.01 ~ 2019.12
2018.01 ~ 2019.12
Others
Established Dataset #1
Title: Vibration and current dataset of three-phase permanent magnet synchronous motors with stator faults
Paper: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352340923000707
Established Dataset #2 (Data files are divided into three parts because of the limitation of data volume)
Title: Vibration, Acoustic, Temperature, and Motor Current Dataset of Rotating Machine Under Varying Operating Conditions for Fault Diagnosis
Paper: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352340923001671
Data link1: https://data.mendeley.com/datasets/ztmf3m7h5x
Data link2: https://data.mendeley.com/datasets/vxkj334rzv
Data link3: https://data.mendeley.com/datasets/x3vhp8t6hg
Data link4: https://data.mendeley.com/datasets/j8d8pfkvj2
Established Dataset #3
Title: Ball Bearing Vibration, and Temperature Run-to-Failure Dataset
Paper: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S235234092400372X
Established Dataset #4 (Data files are divided into eight parts because of the limitation of data volume)
Title: Vibration, Current, Torque, RPM Dataset for Multiple Fault Conditions in Industrial-Scale Electric Motors under Randomized Speed and Load Variations
Paper: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S235234092500678X
Data link1: https://data.mendeley.com/datasets/9r82jppsn7/1
Data link2: https://data.mendeley.com/datasets/wg6h28cfbs/1
Data link3: https://data.mendeley.com/datasets/mvdg4t6cz7/1
Data link4: https://data.mendeley.com/datasets/697w94bhw2/1
Data link5: https://data.mendeley.com/datasets/j2r275rmdf/1
Data link6: https://data.mendeley.com/datasets/gr8c9ckhxh/1
Data link7: https://data.mendeley.com/datasets/j8c6mf2gn8/1
Data link8: https://data.mendeley.com/datasets/5tt3zb2pns/1
Established Dataset #5 (Data files are divided into three parts because of the limitation of data volume)
Title: Motor compound fault dataset
Data link1: https://zenodo.org/records/15743425
Data link2: https://zenodo.org/records/15743009
Data link3: https://zenodo.org/records/15743374