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Consumer decision making often critically rely on online product ratings. In estimating the impact of online ratings on sales, researchers consider various descriptive statistics of rating distributions, such as the mean, variance, skewness, kurtosis, and even entropy and the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index. However, real-world consumer decisions are derived from visual perceptions about displayed rating distributions in the form of histograms. In this paper, we propose and identify a decision bias, the visual center bias (VCB), a consumer tendency to pay too much attention to salient features of distributions in visual decision making. In a series of experiments, we identify VCB's significant impact on consumer preference. We show that with VCB, consumers make choices that violate widely accepted decision rules. In our experiments, subjects are observed to prefer products with lower average ratings and higher rating variances. They may even prefer a first-order stochastically dominated distribution as a result of the VCB. Our study suggests how consumer choice models should be refined to accommodate such visual decision biases.

The state universities in the Bremen State have decided to restructure their company InnoWi to become a patent and trade mark center. This created a smooth transition from the former Patent- und Normenzentrum (PNZ) at Bremen City University of Applied Sciences to the new organization. Since 1983, the PNZ center at the Neustadtswall location of Bremen City University of Applied Sciences has been the contact point for companies and inventors with questions about IP rights and their own research.

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InnoWi, in turn, is the point of contact for scientists in the region when it comes to assessing their inventions, assisting with patent applications, and marketing patents. Now their fields of expertise are being brought together in one center and the services are being expanded.

Currently, more than 20 regional patent information centers throughout Germany providing comprehensive information on IP protection are recognized cooperation partners of the German Patent and Trade Mark Office (DPMA). As one-stop shops for services in the field of IP protection, they support businesses, science, and start-ups in identifying, using, monitoring, and managing patents, utility models, trade marks, and designs, and in preventing infringement of third party rights. This makes them important figures in the German innovation landscape.

For three years, InnoWi has also increasingly been advising small companies and people starting up in business on questions of IP rights. The first measures were funded by the European ERDF funding program. Upon conversion into a patent and trade mark center, Bremen State takes over further funding in the corporate sector.

In the future, the information center will be open from Monday to Thursday between 10 a.m. and 3 p.m. and on Friday from 10 a.m. to 12 p.m. Those seeking advice will receive guidance on all IP questions. The InnoWi team also offers assistance on IP research, for which a separate search room is available. However, currently only online assistance is available. Contact InnoWi at mail@innowi.de or 0421/960070.

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The RePEc plagiarism page Uncertainty, bargaining power and bargaining solutions: An empirical applicationGordon Klein (Obfuscate( 'wiwi.uni-muenster.de', 'gordon.klein' )) and Mayra RebolledoNo 115, CAWM Discussion Papers from University of Mnster, Mnster Center for Economic Policy (MEP)Abstract:We compare the traditional model for structurally estimating bargaining power solutions assuming certainty on the disagreement payoffs against a model assuming evenly distributed bargaining power and uncertainty on disagreement profits. We find substantial differences in the distribution of the rent resulted from each of these models and it was hinted how the assumptions may have a role on the identification of the rent's distributionDate: 2020

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