It was banned in several US radio markets, because the term 'rumble' was a slang term for a gang fight, and it was feared that the piece's harsh sound glorified juvenile delinquency.[10] The record is the only instrumental single ever banned from radio in the United States.[12][13]
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Welcome to the Federal Highway Administration's (FHWA) Rumble Strips and Rumble Stripes website. This site contains information about longitudinal center line, edge line, and shoulder rumble strips and stripes.
PURPOSE: To transmit updated information and guidelines for the design and installation of shoulder and edge line rumble strips on appropriate segments of paved roads in the United States. This information applies to a wide range of projects including new construction, reconstruction, resurfacing, and safety improvements. Highway professionals should consider the needs of all road users, existing roadway conditions, the scope of the project, and the surrounding environment when applying this information and guidance.
DEFINITIONS: A shoulder rumble strip is a longitudinal safety feature installed on a paved roadway shoulder near the outside edge of the travel lane. It is made of a series of milled or raised elements intended to alert inattentive drivers (through vibration and sound) that their vehicles have left the travel lane. An edge line rumble strip is a special type of shoulder rumble strip placed directly at the edge of the travel lane with the edge line pavement marking placed through the line of rumble strips. It is sometimes referred to as an edge line rumble stripe. (See Figure 1)
BACKGROUND: One of the Federal Highway Administration's primary safety goals is to reduce the number and severity of roadway departure crashes. These consist of run-off-road (including cross median) crashes and cross center line crashes on undivided roads. Safety improvements proposed to address this goal include initiatives to keep vehicles on the roadway, to improve the likelihood of a safe recovery after a roadway departure, and to reduce the severity of those crashes that do occur. Shoulder or edge line rumble strips are one of the proven countermeasures that reduce the risks of run-off-road crashes.
The target driver: Rumble strips are placed as a countermeasure for driver error, rather than roadway deficiencies. They are designed primarily to assist distracted, drowsy, or otherwise inattentive drivers who may unintentionally drift over the edge line. For this set of drivers, the audible and vibratory warning produced by rumble strips greatly improves the opportunity for a safe recovery. In a study of 1,800 run-off-road freeway crashes, one state found that drift-off-road crashes (due to inattentive driving) resulted in death or serious injury at a rate three to five times higher than other categories of run-off-road crashes. Where drivers don't safely recover, the warning created by rumble strips often improves driver reaction, thereby reducing crash severity.
Early rumble strip development: Pavement surface textures and treatments to provide audible and vibratory warning to drivers have been in use for over 50 years as a means to alert drivers leaving the travel lane. Rolled-in strips on asphalt shoulders and formed-in strips on concrete shoulders were two of the earlier designs used in installing shoulder rumble strips by a number of states. A major limitation was that they had to be installed with new pavement. There were also difficulties in consistently obtaining the desired shape. In the 1980s, the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission developed a milled-in rumble strip design that could be installed on existing pavement. A series of trials led to a preferred design of inch deep and 7 inches by 16 inches, producing tire vibration and noise with much greater alerting capacity than the rolled-in installation. Specified dimensions could also be produced more consistently. Subsequently, many other states began to use this milled-in design because of its effectiveness and ease of installation.
Recent history: In the 1990s, several state transportation agencies and toll road authorities installed the milled-in shoulder rumble design pioneered in Pennsylvania, mostly on rural freeways and expressways. In recent years, many agencies have extended the use of rumble strips to two-lane roads because a significant portion of run-off-road crashes occur on these roads. Some agencies have also designed and installed narrower rumble strips where roadway widths limited the use of standard designs. The wider use of rumble strips has also led to a great number of design modification choices to accommodate bicyclists, who are also legal road users.
Striping the rumble: The practice of placing the edge line pavement markings over the rumble strip improves nighttime marking visibility, particularly in wet conditions, by better positioning the marking optics on the back side of each rumble, compared to limiting their normal position within the flat marking. This practice can also increase the longevity of the markings, particularly within the rumble, due to reduced wear from tires and added protection from plowing activity.
EFFECTIVENESS: Run-off-road crashes account for approximately one-third of the deaths and serious injuries each year on the Nation's highways. Drift-off crashes, caused by drowsy, distracted, or otherwise inattentive driving, are a subset of run-off-road crashes. This subset contains the specific crash types that are most likely to be reduced by shoulder or edge line rumble strips. Many researchers have studied the effect of rumble strips on the larger set of run-off-road data because these crashes can be easily identified in crash databases. Some studies have addressed the more specific drift-off subset by analyzing narratives in the crash reports. In both cases, milled rumble strips are among the most cost-effective countermeasures available for this type of crash, since they directly address driver risk factors.
Run-off-road injury crashes: NCHRP Report 641 documents milled shoulder and edge rumble strips to provide statistically significant reductions in single-vehicle run-off-road injury crashes: 10 to 24 percent on rural freeways, and 26 to 46 percent on two-lane rural roads. Reductions were also shown on other types of roadways, but the estimates are not as statistically reliable.
Navigational aid in bad weather: Shoulder and edge line rumble strips may also serve as an effective means of locating the travel lane during inclement weather. Fog, snow, or blinding rain often obscure pavement markings. The vibration provided by rumble strips can assist drivers from unintentionally leaving the roadway in these conditions. In addition to vibration, there are potential visibility benefits. Even a light rain can seriously reduce the retroreflective capacity of pavement markings. When the edge line marking is placed within the rumble strip, the vertical component will often still be visible under these adverse conditions.
Noise and vibration: The common milled rumble designs have been shown to be more effective at producing both noise and vibration, as compared to earlier designs, and are credited with higher crash reduction factors. Design, application, and construction factors also contribute to the effectiveness of a rumble strip installation. Further information on these factors is discussed below.
APPLICATION CONSIDERATIONS: Edge line and shoulder rumble strips have the potential to reduce run-off-road crashes on any paved road. A summary of rumble strip practices and policies as of 2005 is included in NCHRP Report 641.
Corridor vs. spot treatment: Due to the difficulty in determining where a driver will become distracted or drowsy, it is recommended that rumble strips be installed system-wide or in corridors, prioritized by the frequency of the specific crash types targeted by the treatment. Agencies may use crash predictors such as traffic volume or trip types (e.g. shift workers, younger drivers). Crash history will often reveal high-priority corridors, but spot installations of rumble strips based solely on crash history are not expected to be as effective. Within a corridor application, however, there may be spots where discontinuing the rumble strip installation may be prudent. Some of these issues are covered under Sections 9 and 10.
Urban vs. rural: While rumble strips have been extensively used in rural areas where run-off-road crash problems exist, use on urban freeways or other roadways functionally classified as urban is also effective. Whether the roadway is classified as rural or urban, the use of rumbles should be determined on the merit of the cross-section and appropriate to the context. Characteristics and concerns that often limit the usefulness or application include low speeds, noise for adjacent residences, pavement width, presence of curb and gutter, and significant turning movements or other conflicts of both motorists and other road users.
Left vs. right: On divided highways, shoulder rumble strips should be placed on the left shoulder as well as on the right. A comprehensive Michigan study of 1,887 drift-off freeway crashes showed that approximately an equal percentage of vehicles involved in crashes initially drifted to the left as to the right.
Combination of shoulder and center line rumble strips: The practice of installing both center line and shoulder rumble strips along the same segments of road is becoming more common. A Missouri study of the installation of rumble strips with wider markings during resurfacing showed the greatest reduction in serious injury crashes were found when both center line and edge line rumble strips were installed with the wider markings. Some studies have shown center line rumbles cause motorists to shift vehicle position slightly toward the shoulder. Therefore, when applying shoulder and center line rumble strips in combination, consideration should be given to total pavement width to determine how to best accommodate and serve all road users, particularly in no passing zones, where drivers may be reluctant to cross the center line to pass a bicyclist (see Section 9).
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