Tesnim Abdellatif and Kei-Léo Brousmiche. 2018. Formal Verification of Smart Contracts Based on Users and Blockchain Behaviors Models. In 9th IFIP International Conference on New Technologies, Mobility and Security, NTMS 2018, Paris, France, February 26-28, 2018. IEEE, 1–5. 

Wolfgang Ahrendt, Richard Bubel, Joshua Ellul, Gordon J. Pace, Raúl Pardo, Vincent Rebiscoul, and Gerardo Schneider. 2019. Verification of Smart Contract Business Logic - Exploiting a Java Source Code Verifier. In Fundamentals of Software Engineering - 8th International Conference, FSEN 2019, Tehran, Iran, May 1-3, 2019, Revised Selected Papers. Springer, 228–243.

Sefa Akca, Ajitha Rajan, and Chao Peng. 2019. SolAnalyser: A Framework for Analysing and Testing Smart Contracts. In 26th Asia-Pacific Software Engineering Conference, APSEC 2019, Putrajaya, Malaysia, December 2-5, 2019. IEEE, 482–489.

Elvira Albert, Puri Arenas, Antonio Flores-Montoya, Samir Genaim, Miguel Gómez-Zamalloa, Enrique Martin-Martin, German Puebla, and Guillermo Román-Díez. 2014. SACO: Static Analyzer for Concurrent Objects. In Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems - 20th International Conference, TACAS 2014, Held as Part of the European Joint Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software, ETAPS 2014, Grenoble, France, April 5-13, 2014. Proceedings. Springer, 562–567.

Elvira Albert, Puri Arenas, Samir Genaim, and Germán Puebla. 2008. Automatic Inference of Upper Bounds for Recurrence Relations in Cost Analysis. In Static Analysis, 15th International Symposium, SAS 2008, Valencia, Spain, July 16-18, 2008. Proceedings. Springer, 221–237. 

Elvira Albert, Jesús Correas, Pablo Gordillo, Guillermo Román-Díez, and Albert Rubio. 2020. GASOL: Gas Analysis and Optimization for Ethereum Smart Contracts. In Tools and Algorithms for the Construction and Analysis of Systems - 26th International Conference, TACAS 2020, Held as Part of the European Joint Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software, ETAPS 2020, Dublin, Ireland, April 25-30, 2020, Proceedings, Part II. Springer, 118–125. 

Elvira Albert, Pablo Gordillo, Benjamin Livshits, Albert Rubio, and Ilya Sergey. 2018. EthIR: A Framework for High-Level Analysis of Ethereum Bytecode. In Automated Technology for Verification and Analysis - 16th International Symposium, ATVA 2018, Los Angeles, CA, USA, October 7-10, 2018, Proceedings. Springer, 513–520.

 Elvira Albert, Pablo Gordillo, Albert Rubio, and Ilya Sergey. 2019. Running on Fumes - Preventing Out-of-Gas Vulnerabilities in Ethereum Smart Contracts Using Static Resource Analysis. In Verification and Evaluation of Computer and Communication Systems - 13th International Conference, VECoS 2019, Porto, Portugal, October 9, 2019, Proceedings. Springer, 63–78.

Sidney Amani, Myriam Bégel, Maksym Bortin, and Mark Staples. 2018. Towards verifying ethereum smart contract bytecode in Isabelle/HOL. In Proceedings of the 7th ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Certified Programs and Proofs, CPP 2018, Los Angeles, CA, USA, January 8-9, 2018. ACM, 66–77.

Elli Androulaki, Artem Barger, Vita Bortnikov, Christian Cachin, Konstantinos Christidis, Angelo De Caro, David Enyeart, Christopher Ferris, Gennady Laventman, Yacov Manevich, Srinivasan Muralidharan, Chet Murthy, Binh Nguyen, Manish Sethi, Gari Singh, Keith Smith, Alessandro Sorniotti, Chrysoula Stathakopoulou, Marko Vukolic, Sharon Weed Cocco, and Jason Yellick. 2018. Hyperledger fabric: a distributed operating system for permissioned blockchains. In Proceedings of the Thirteenth EuroSys Conference, EuroSys 2018, Porto, Portugal, April 23-26, 2018. ACM, 30:1–30:15.

Monika Di Angelo and Gernot Salzer. 2019. A Survey of Tools for Analyzing Ethereum Smart Contracts. In IEEE International Conference on Decentralized Applications and Infrastructures, DAPPCON 2019, Newark, CA, USA, April 4-9, 2019. IEEE, 69–78. 

Danil Annenkov, Jakob Botsch Nielsen, and Bas Spitters. 2020. ConCert: a smart contract certification framework in Coq. In Proceedings of the 9th ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Certified Programs and Proofs, CPP 2020, New Orleans, LA, USA, January 20-21, 2020. ACM, 215–228.

Pedro Antonino and A. W. Roscoe. 2021. Solidifier: bounded model checking solidity using lazy contract deployment and precise memory modelling. In SAC ’21: The 36th ACM/SIGAPP Symposium on Applied Computing, Virtual Event, Republic of Korea, March 22-26, 2021. ACM, 1788–1797.

Nami Ashizawa, Naoto Yanai, Jason Paul Cruz, and Shingo Okamura. 2021. Eth2Vec: Learning Contract-Wide Code Representations for Vulnerability Detection on Ethereum Smart Contracts. In BSCI ’21: Proceedings of the 3rd ACM International Symposium on Blockchain and Secure Critical Infrastructure, Virtual Event, Hong Kong, June 7, 2021. ACM, 47–59.

Imran Ashraf, Xiaoxue Ma, Bo Jiang, and Wing Kwong Chan. 2020. GasFuzzer: Fuzzing ethereum smart contract binaries to expose gas-oriented exception security vulnerabilities. IEEE Access 8 (2020), 99552–99564.

Nicola Atzei, Massimo Bartoletti, and Tiziana Cimoli. 2016. A survey of attacks on Ethereum smart contracts. IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch. (2016), 1007. 

Nicola Atzei, Massimo Bartoletti, and Tiziana Cimoli. 2017. A Survey of Attacks on Ethereum Smart Contracts (SoK). In Principles of Security and Trust - 6th International Conference, POST 2017, Held as Part of the European Joint Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software, ETAPS 2017, Uppsala, Sweden, April 22-29, 2017, Proceedings. Springer, 164–186.

Nicola Atzei, Massimo Bartoletti, Tiziana Cimoli, Stefano Lande, and Roberto Zunino. 2018. SoK: Unraveling Bitcoin Smart Contracts. In Principles of Security and Trust - 7th International Conference, POST 2018, Held as Part of the European Joint Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software, ETAPS 2018, Thessaloniki, Greece, April 14-20, 2018, Proceedings. Springer, 217–242.

Nicola Atzei, Massimo Bartoletti, Stefano Lande, Nobuko Yoshida, and Roberto Zunino. 2019. Developing secure bitcoin contracts with BitML. In Proceedings of the ACM Joint Meeting on European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering, ESEC/SIGSOFT FSE 2019, Tallinn, Estonia, August 26-30, 2019. ACM, 1124–1128.

Nicola Atzei, Massimo Bartoletti, Stefano Lande, and Roberto Zunino. 2018. A Formal Model of Bitcoin Transactions. In Financial Cryptography and Data Security - 22nd International Conference, FC 2018, Nieuwpoort, Curaçao, February 26 - March 2, 2018, Revised Selected Papers. Springer, 541–560. 

Shaun Azzopardi, Joshua Ellul, and Gordon J. Pace. 2018. Monitoring Smart Contracts: ContractLarva and Open Challenges Beyond. In Runtime Verification - 18th International Conference, RV 2018, Limassol, Cyprus, November 10-13, 2018, Proceedings. Springer, 113–137. 

Xiaomin Bai, Zijing Cheng, Zhangbo Duan, and Kai Hu. 2018. Formal Modeling and Verification of Smart Contracts. In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Software and Computer Applications, ICSCA 2018, Kuantan, Malaysia, February 08-10, 2018. ACM, 322–326.

Massimo Bartoletti, Stefano Lande, Maurizio Murgia, and Roberto Zunino. 2022. Verifying liquidity of recursive Bitcoin contracts. Log. Methods Comput. Sci. 18, 1 (2022). 

Massimo Bartoletti and Roberto Zunino. 2018. Verifying liquidity of Bitcoin contracts. IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch. (2018), 1125. 

Massimo Bartoletti and Roberto Zunino. 2019. Formal Models of Bitcoin Contracts: A Survey. Frontiers Blockchain 2 (2019), 8.

Bruno Bernardo, Raphaël Cauderlier, Guillaume Claret, Arvid Jakobsson, Basile Pesin, and Julien Tesson. 2020. Making Tezos Smart Contracts More Reliable with Coq. In Leveraging Applications of Formal Methods, Verification and Validation: Applications - 9th International Symposium on Leveraging Applications of Formal Methods, ISoLA 2020, Rhodes, Greece, October 20-30, 2020, Proceedings, Part III. Springer, 60–72.

Priyanka Bose, Dipanjan Das, Yanju Chen, Yu Feng, Christopher Kruegel, and Giovanni Vigna. 2022. Sailfish: Vetting smart contract state-inconsistency bugs in seconds. In 2022 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP). IEEE, 161–178.

Lexi Brent, Neville Grech, Sifis Lagouvardos, Bernhard Scholz, and Yannis Smaragdakis. 2020. Ethainter: a smart contract security analyzer for composite vulnerabilities. In Proceedings of the 41st ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation, PLDI 2020, London, UK, June 15-20, 2020. ACM, 454–469. 

Lexi Brent, Anton Jurisevic, Michael Kong, Eric Liu, François Gauthier, Vincent Gramoli, Ralph Holz, and Bernhard Scholz. 2018. Vandal: A Scalable Security Analysis Framework for Smart Contracts. CoRR abs/1809.03981 (2018). arXiv: 1809.03981

Fran Casino, Thomas K Dasaklis, and Constantinos Patsakis. 2019. A systematic literature review of blockchain-based applications: Current status, classification and open issues. Telematics and informatics 36 (2019), 55–81.

Saikat Chakraborty, Rahul Krishna, Yangruibo Ding, and Baishakhi Ray. 2022. Deep Learning Based Vulnerability Detection: Are We There Yet? IEEE Trans. Software Eng. 48, 9 (2022), 3280–3296.

Jialiang Chang, Bo Gao, Hao Xiao, Jun Sun, Yan Cai, and Zijiang Yang. 2019. sCompile: Critical Path Identification and Analysis for Smart Contracts. In Formal Methods and Software Engineering - 21st International Conference on Formal Engineering Methods, ICFEM 2019, Shenzhen, China, November 5-9, 2019, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 11852). Springer, 286–304.

Huashan Chen, Marcus Pendleton, Laurent Njilla, and Shouhuai Xu. 2021. A Survey on Ethereum Systems Security: Vulnerabilities, Attacks, and Defenses. ACM Comput. Surv. 53, 3 (2021), 67:1–67:43.

Jiachi Chen, Xin Xia, David Lo, John Grundy, Xiapu Luo, and Ting Chen. 2022. DefectChecker: Automated Smart Contract Defect Detection by Analyzing EVM Bytecode. IEEE Trans. Software Eng. 48, 7 (2022), 2189–2207.

Ting Chen, Rong Cao, Ting Li, Xiapu Luo, Guofei Gu, Yufei Zhang, Zhou Liao, Hang Zhu, Gang Chen, Zheyuan He, Yuxing Tang, Xiaodong Lin, and Xiaosong Zhang. 2020. SODA: A Generic Online Detection Framework for Smart Contracts. In 27th Annual Network and Distributed System Security Symposium, NDSS 2020, San Diego, California, USA, February 23-26, 2020. The Internet Society.

Ting Chen, Youzheng Feng, Zihao Li, Hao Zhou, Xiapu Luo, Xiaoqi Li, Xiuzhuo Xiao, Jiachi Chen, and Xiaosong Zhang. 2021. GasChecker: Scalable Analysis for Discovering Gas-Inefficient Smart Contracts. IEEE Trans. Emerg. Top. Comput. 9, 3 (2021), 1433–1448.

Ting Chen, Xiaoqi Li, Ying Wang, Jiachi Chen, Zihao Li, Xiapu Luo, Man Ho Au, and Xiaosong Zhang. 2017. An Adaptive Gas Cost Mechanism for Ethereum to Defend Against Under-Priced DoS Attacks. In Information Security Practice and Experience - 13th International Conference, ISPEC 2017, Melbourne, VIC, Australia, December 13-15, 2017, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 10701). Springer, 3–24. 

Raymond Cheng, Fan Zhang, Jernej Kos, Warren He, Nicholas Hynes, Noah M. Johnson, Ari Juels, Andrew Miller, and Dawn Song. 2019. Ekiden: A Platform for Confidentiality-Preserving, Trustworthy, and Performant Smart Contracts. In IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy, EuroS&P 2019, Stockholm, Sweden, June 17-19, 2019. IEEE, 185–200. 

Yuichiro Chinen, Naoto Yanai, Jason Paul Cruz, and Shingo Okamura. 2020. RA: Hunting for Re-Entrancy Attacks in Ethereum Smart Contracts via Static Analysis. In IEEE International Conference on Blockchain, Blockchain 2020, Rhodes, Greece, November 2-6, 2020. IEEE, 327–336.

Giuseppe Crincoli, Giacomo Iadarola, Piera Elena La Rocca, Fabio Martinelli, Francesco Mercaldo, and Antonella Santone. 2022. Vulnerable smart contract detection by means of model checking. In Proceedings of the Fourth ACM International Symposium on Blockchain and Secure Critical Infrastructure. 3–10. 

Siwei Cui, Gang Zhao, Yifei Gao, Tien Tavu, and Jeff Huang. 2022. VRust: Automated Vulnerability Detection for Solana Smart Contracts. In Proceedings of the 2022 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security, CCS 2022, Los Angeles, CA, USA, November 7-11, 2022. ACM, 639–652.

Meiyi Dai, Zhe Yang, and Jian Guo. 2022. SuperDetector: A Framework for Performance Detection on Vulnerabilities of Smart Contracts. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Vol. 2289. IOP Publishing, 012010.

Paulius Danielius, Piotr Stolarski, and Saulius Masteika. 2020. Vulnerabilities and excess gas consumption analysis within ethereum-based smart contracts for electricity market. In Business Information Systems Workshops: BIS 2020 International Workshops, Colorado Springs, CO, USA, June 8–10, 2020, Revised Selected Papers 23. Springer, 99–110.

Weiliang Dong, Teng Zhou, and Dapeng Yan. 2022. SolChecker: A Practical Static Analysis Framework for Ethereum Smart Contract. In 2022 International Conference on Networks, Communications and Information Technology (CNCIT). IEEE, 179–186.

Yue Duan, Xin Zhao, Yu Pan, Shucheng Li, Minghao Li, Fengyuan Xu, and Mu Zhang. 2022. Towards automated safety vetting of smart contracts in decentralized applications. In Proceedings of the 2022 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security. 921–935

Thomas Durieux, João F. Ferreira, Rui Abreu, and Pedro Cruz. 2020. Empirical review of automated analysis tools on 47, 587 Ethereum smart contracts. In ICSE ’20: 42nd International Conference on Software Engineering, Seoul, South Korea, 27 June - 19 July, 2020. ACM, 530–541.

Joshua Ellul and Gordon J Pace. 2018. Runtime verification of ethereum smart contracts. In 2018 14th European Dependable Computing Conference (EDCC). IEEE, 158–163. 

William Enck, Peter Gilbert, Seungyeop Han, Vasant Tendulkar, Byung-Gon Chun, Landon P. Cox, Jaeyeon Jung, Patrick D. McDaniel, and Anmol N. Sheth. 2014. TaintDroid: An Information-Flow Tracking System for Realtime Privacy Monitoring on Smartphones. ACM Trans. Comput. Syst. 32, 2 (2014), 5:1–5:29. 

Shayan Eskandari, Seyedehmahsa Moosavi, and Jeremy Clark. 2019. SoK: Transparent Dishonesty: Front-Running Attacks on Blockchain. In Financial Cryptography and Data Security - FC 2019 International Workshops, VOTING and WTSC, St. Kitts, St. Kitts and Nevis, February 18-22, 2019, Revised Selected Papers (Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 11599). Springer, 170–189.

Josselin Feist, Gustavo Grieco, and Alex Groce. 2019. Slither: a static analysis framework for smart contracts. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Emerging Trends in Software Engineering for Blockchain, WETSEB@ICSE 2019, Montreal, QC, Canada, May 27, 2019. IEEE / ACM, 8–15. 

Joel Frank, Cornelius Aschermann, and Thorsten Holz. 2020. ETHBMC: A Bounded Model Checker for Smart Contracts. In 29th USENIX Security Symposium, USENIX Security 2020, August 12-14, 2020. USENIX Association, 2757–2774. 

Ikram Garfatta, Kais Klai, Walid Gaaloul, and Mohamed Graiet. 2021. A survey on formal verification for solidity smart contracts. In 2021 Australasian Computer Science Week Multiconference. 1–10.

Asem Ghaleb and Karthik Pattabiraman. 2020. How effective are smart contract analysis tools? evaluating smart contract static analysis tools using bug injection. In ISSTA ’20: 29th ACM SIGSOFT International Symposium on Software Testing and Analysis, Virtual Event, USA, July 18-22, 2020. ACM, 415–427.

Asem Ghaleb, Julia Rubin, and Karthik Pattabiraman. 2022. eTainter: detecting gas-related vulnerabilities in smart contracts. In Proceedings of the 31st ACM SIGSOFT International Symposium on Software Testing and Analysis. 728–739.

Neville Grech, Michael Kong, Anton Jurisevic, Lexi Brent, Bernhard Scholz, and Yannis Smaragdakis. 2018. MadMax: surviving out-of-gas conditions in Ethereum smart contracts. Proc. ACM Program. Lang. 2, OOPSLA (2018), 116:1–116:27. 

Ilya Grishchenko, Matteo Maffei, and Clara Schneidewind. 2018. Foundations and Tools for the Static Analysis of Ethereum Smart Contracts. In Computer Aided Verification - 30th International Conference, CAV 2018, Held as Part of the Federated Logic Conference, FloC 2018, Oxford, UK, July 14-17, 2018, Proceedings, Part I (Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 10981). Springer, 51–78.

Shelly Grossman, Ittai Abraham, Guy Golan-Gueta, Yan Michalevsky, Noam Rinetzky, Mooly Sagiv, and Yoni Zohar. 2018. Online detection of effectively callback free objects with applications to smart contracts. Proc. ACM Program. Lang. 2, POPL (2018), 48:1–48:28.

Sunil Gupta, Hitesh Kumar Sharma, and Monit Kapoor. 2023. Blockchain for Secure Healthcare Using Internet of Medical Things (IoMT). Springer. 

Ákos Hajdu and Dejan Jovanovic. 2019. solc-verify: A Modular Verifier for Solidity Smart Contracts. In Verified Software. Theories, Tools, and Experiments - 11th International Conference, VSTTE 2019, New York City, NY, USA, July 13-14, 2019, Revised Selected Papers (Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 12031). Springer, 161–179.

Hazim Hanif, Mohd Hairul Nizam Md Nasir, Mohd Faizal Ab Razak, Ahmad Firdaus, and Nor Badrul Anuar. 2021. The rise of software vulnerability: Taxonomy of software vulnerabilities detection and machine learning approaches. Journal of Network and Computer Applications 179 (2021), 103009.

Dominik Harz and William Knottenbelt. 2018. Towards safer smart contracts: A survey of languages and verification methods. arXiv preprint arXiv:1809.09805 (2018)

Jingxuan He, Mislav Balunovic, Nodar Ambroladze, Petar Tsankov, and Martin T. Vechev. 2019. Learning to Fuzz from Symbolic Execution with Application to Smart Contracts. In Proceedings of the 2019 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security, CCS 2019, London, UK, November 11-15, 2019. ACM, 531–548. 

Ningyu He, Haoyu Wang, Lei Wu, Xiapu Luo, Yao Guo, and Xiangqun Chen. 2022. A Survey on EOSIO Systems Security: Vulnerability, Attack, and Mitigation. CoRR abs/2207.09227 (2022).

Ningyu He, Ruiyi Zhang, Haoyu Wang, Lei Wu, Xiapu Luo, Yao Guo, Ting Yu, and Xuxian Jiang. 2021. EOSAFE: Security Analysis of EOSIO Smart Contracts. In 30th USENIX Security Symposium, USENIX Security 2021, August 11-13, 2021. USENIX Association, 1271–1288.

Péter Hegedüs. 2018. Towards Analyzing the Complexity Landscape of Solidity Based Ethereum Smart Contracts. In 1st IEEE/ACM International Workshop on Emerging Trends in Software Engineering for Blockchain, WETSEB@ICSE 2018, Gothenburg, Sweden, May 27 - June 3, 2018. ACM, 35–39.

Everett Hildenbrandt, Manasvi Saxena, Nishant Rodrigues, Xiaoran Zhu, Philip Daian, Dwight Guth, Brandon M. Moore, Daejun Park, Yi Zhang, Andrei Stefanescu, and Grigore Rosu. 2018. KEVM: A Complete Formal Semantics of the Ethereum Virtual Machine. In 31st IEEE Computer Security Foundations Symposium, CSF 2018, Oxford, United Kingdom, July 9-12, 2018. IEEE Computer Society, 204–217.

Yoichi Hirai. 2017. Defining the Ethereum Virtual Machine for Interactive Theorem Provers. In Financial Cryptography and Data Security - FC 2017 International Workshops, WAHC, BITCOIN, VOTING, WTSC, and TA, Sliema, Malta, April 7, 2017, Revised Selected Papers (Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 10323). Springer, 520–535.

Bin Hu, Zongyang Zhang, Jianwei Liu, Yizhong Liu, Jiayuan Yin, Rongxing Lu, and Xiaodong Lin. 2021. A comprehensive survey on smart contract construction and execution: paradigms, tools, and systems. Patterns 2, 2 (2021), 100179.

Teng Hu, Xiaolei Liu, Ting Chen, Xiaosong Zhang, Xiaoming Huang, Weina Niu, Jiazhong Lu, Kun Zhou, and Yuan Liu. 2021. Transaction-based classification and detection approach for Ethereum smart contract. Information Processing & Management 58, 2 (2021), 102462.

Laurie Hughes, Yogesh K Dwivedi, Santosh K Misra, Nripendra P Rana, Vishnupriya Raghavan, and Viswanadh Akella. 2019. Blockchain research, practice and policy: Applications, benefits, limitations, emerging research themes and research agenda. International Journal of Information Management 49 (2019), 114–129.

Seon-Jin Hwang, Seok-Hwan Choi, Jinmyeong Shin, and Yoon-Ho Choi. 2022. CodeNet: Code-targeted convolutional neural network architecture for smart contract vulnerability detection. IEEE Access 10 (2022), 32595–32607.

Namrata Jain, Kosuke Kaneko, and Subodh Sharma. 2022. SKLEE: A Dynamic Symbolic Analysis Tool for Ethereum Smart Contracts (Tool Paper). In Software Engineering and Formal Methods: 20th International Conference, SEFM 2022, Berlin, Germany, September 26–30, 2022, Proceedings. Springer, 244–250.

Bo Jiang, Ye Liu, and W. K. Chan. 2018. ContractFuzzer: fuzzing smart contracts for vulnerability detection. In Proceedings of the 33rd ACM/IEEE International Conference on Automated Software Engineering, ASE 2018, Montpellier, France, September 3-7, 2018. ACM, 259–269.

Jiao Jiao, Shuanglong Kan, Shang-Wei Lin, David Sanan, Yang Liu, and Jun Sun. 2020. Semantic understanding of smart contracts: Executable operational semantics of solidity. In 2020 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP). IEEE, 1695–1712.

Ling Jin, Yinzhi Cao, Yan Chen, Di Zhang, and Simone Campanoni. 2022. EXGEN: Cross-platform, Automated Exploit Generation for Smart Contract Vulnerabilities. IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing (2022).

Harry A. Kalodner, Steven Goldfeder, Xiaoqi Chen, S. Matthew Weinberg, and Edward W. Felten. 2018. Arbitrum: Scalable, private smart contracts. In 27th USENIX Security Symposium, USENIX Security 2018, Baltimore, MD, USA, August 15-17, 2018. USENIX Association, 1353–1370. 

Sukrit Kalra, Seep Goel, Mohan Dhawan, and Subodh Sharma. 2018. ZEUS: Analyzing Safety of Smart Contracts. In 25th Annual Network and Distributed System Security Symposium, NDSS 2018, San Diego, California, USA, February 18-21, 2018. The Internet Society. 

Shafaq Naheed Khan, Faiza Loukil, Chirine Ghedira Guegan, Elhadj Benkhelifa, and Anoud Bani-Hani. 2021. Blockchain smart contracts: Applications, challenges, and future trends. Peer-to-Peer Netw. Appl. 14, 5 (2021), 2901–2925. 

Ahmed E. Kosba, Andrew Miller, Elaine Shi, Zikai Wen, and Charalampos Papamanthou. 2016. Hawk: The Blockchain Model of Cryptography and Privacy-Preserving Smart Contracts. In IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, SP 2016, San Jose, CA, USA, May 22-26, 2016. IEEE Computer Society, 839–858.

Johannes Krupp and Christian Rossow. 2018. teEther: Gnawing at Ethereum to Automatically Exploit Smart Contracts. In 27th USENIX Security Symposium, USENIX Security 2018, Baltimore, MD, USA, August 15-17, 2018, William Enck and Adrienne Porter Felt (Eds.). USENIX Association, 1317–133.

Ao Li, Jemin Andrew Choi, and Fan Long. 2020. Securing smart contract with runtime validation. In Proceedings of the 41st ACM SIGPLAN International Conference on Programming Language Design and Implementation, PLDI 2020, London, UK, June 15-20, 2020. ACM, 438–453.

Chunmiao Li, Shijie Nie, Yang Cao, Yijun Yu, and Zhenjiang Hu. 2020. Trace-Based Dynamic Gas Estimation of Loops in Smart Contracts. IEEE Open J. Comput. Soc. 1 (2020), 295–306. 

Peiru Li, Shanshan Li, Mengjie Ding, Jiapeng Yu, He Zhang, Xin Zhou, and Jingyue Li. 2022. A Vulnerability Detection Framework for Hyperledger Fabric Smart Contracts Based on Dynamic and Static Analysis. In EASE 2022: The International Conference on Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering 2022, Gothenburg, Sweden, June 13 - 15, 2022. ACM, 366–374.

Wenyuan Li, Jiahao He, Gansen Zhao, Jinji Yang, Shuangyin Li, Ruilin Lai, Ping Li, Hua Tang, Haoyu Luo, and Ziheng Zhou. 2022. EOSIOAnalyzer: An Effective Static Analysis Vulnerability Detection Framework for EOSIO Smart Contracts. In 46th IEEE Annual Computers, Software, and Applications Conferenc, COMPSAC 2022, Los Alamitos, CA, USA, June 27 - July 1, 2022. IEEE, 746–756.

Xiaoqi Li, Peng Jiang, Ting Chen, Xiapu Luo, and Qiaoyan Wen. 2020. A survey on the security of blockchain systems. Future Gener. Comput. Syst. 107 (2020), 841–853.

Yuwei Li, Shouling Ji, Yuan Chen, Sizhuang Liang, Wei-Han Lee, Yueyao Chen, Chenyang Lyu, Chunming Wu, Raheem Beyah, Peng Cheng, Kangjie Lu, and Ting Wang. 2021. UNIFUZZ: A Holistic and Pragmatic Metrics-Driven Platform for Evaluating Fuzzers. In 30th USENIX Security Symposium, USENIX Security 2021, August 11-13, 2021. USENIX Association, 2777–2794.

Jian-Wei Liao, Tsung-Ta Tsai, Chia-Kang He, and Chin-Wei Tien. 2019. SoliAudit: Smart Contract Vulnerability Assessment Based on Machine Learning and Fuzz Testing. In Sixth International Conference on Internet of Things: Systems, Management and Security, IOTSMS 2019, Granada, Spain, October 22-25, 2019. IEEE, 458–465.

Shaokai Lin, Xinyuan Sun, Jianan Yao, and Ronghui Gu. 2022. Scivik: A versatile framework for specifying and verifying smart contracts. In Memorial Volume for Shoucheng Zhang. World Scientific, 403–437.

Shang-Wei Lin, Palina Tolmach, Ye Liu, and Yi Li. 2022. SolSEE: a source-level symbolic execution engine for solidity. Proceedings of the 30th ACM Joint European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering (2022).

Chao Liu, Han Liu, Zhao Cao, Zhong Chen, Bangdao Chen, and Bill Roscoe. 2018. ReGuard: finding reentrancy bugs in smart contracts. In Proceedings of the 40th International Conference on Software Engineering: Companion Proceeedings, ICSE 2018, Gothenburg, Sweden, May 27 - June 03, 2018. ACM, 65–68.

Jingwei Liu, Xiaolu Li, Lin Ye, Hongli Zhang, Xiaojiang Du, and Mohsen Guizani. 2018. BPDS: A Blockchain Based Privacy-Preserving Data Sharing for Electronic Medical Records. In IEEE Global Communications Conference, GLOBECOM 2018, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates, December 9-13, 2018. IEEE, 1–6.

Ning Lu, Bin Wang, Yongxin Zhang, Wenbo Shi, and Christian Esposito. 2021. NeuCheck: A more practical Ethereum smart contract security analysis tool. Softw. Pract. Exp. 51, 10 (2021), 2065–2084. 

Oliver Lutz, Huili Chen, Hossein Fereidooni, Christoph Sendner, Alexandra Dmitrienko, Ahmad-Reza Sadeghi, and Farinaz Koushanfar. 2021. ESCORT: Ethereum Smart COntRacTs Vulnerability Detection using Deep Neural Network and Transfer Learning. CoRR abs/2103.12607 (2021). 

Loi Luu, Duc-Hiep Chu, Hrishi Olickel, Prateek Saxena, and Aquinas Hobor. 2016. Making Smart Contracts Smarter. In Proceedings of the 2016 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security, Vienna, Austria, October 24-28, 2016. ACM, 254–269.

Penghui Lv, Yu Wang, Yazhe Wang, and Qihui Zhou. 2021. Potential Risk Detection System of Hyperledger Fabric Smart Contract based on Static Analysis. In IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications, ISCC 2021, Athens, Greece, September 5-8, 2021. IEEE, 1–7.

Fuchen Ma, Zhenyang Xu, Meng Ren, Zijing Yin, Yuanliang Chen, Lei Qiao, Bin Gu, Huizhong Li, Yu Jiang, and Jiaguang Sun. 2021. Pluto: Exposing vulnerabilities in inter-contract scenarios. IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering 48, 11 (2021), 4380–4396.

Anastasia Mavridou and Aron Laszka. 2018. Tool Demonstration: FSolidM for Designing Secure Ethereum Smart Contracts. In Principles of Security and Trust - 7th International Conference, POST 2018, Held as Part of the European Joint Conferences on Theory and Practice of Software, ETAPS 2018, Thessaloniki, Greece, April 14-20, 2018, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 10804). Springer, 270–277.

Anastasia Mavridou, Aron Laszka, Emmanouela Stachtiari, and Abhishek Dubey. 2019. VeriSolid: Correct-by-Design Smart Contracts for Ethereum. In Financial Cryptography and Data Security - 23rd International Conference, FC 2019, Frigate Bay, St. Kitts and Nevis, February 18-22, 2019, Revised Selected Papers (Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 11598). Springer, 446–465.

Lukasz Mazurek. 2021. EthVer: Formal Verification of Randomized Ethereum Smart Contracts. In Financial Cryptography and Data Security. FC 2021 International Workshops - CoDecFin, DeFi, VOTING, and WTSC, Virtual Event, March 5, 2021, Revised Selected Papers (Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 12676). Springer, 364–380.

Patrick McCorry, Siamak F. Shahandashti, and Feng Hao. 2017. A Smart Contract for Boardroom Voting with Maximum Voter Privacy. In Financial Cryptography and Data Security - 21st International Conference, FC 2017, Sliema, Malta, April 3-7, 2017, Revised Selected Papers (Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 10322). Springer, 357–375.

Mark Mossberg, Felipe Manzano, Eric Hennenfent, Alex Groce, Gustavo Grieco, Josselin Feist, Trent Brunson, and Artem Dinaburg. 2019. Manticore: A User-Friendly Symbolic Execution Framework for Binaries and Smart Contracts. In 34th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering, ASE 2019, San Diego, CA, USA, November 11-15, 2019. IEEE, 1186–1189.

Behkish Nassirzadeh, Huaiying Sun, Sebastian Banescu, and Vijay Ganesh. 2021. Gas Gauge: A Security Analysis Tool for Smart Contract Out-of-Gas Vulnerabilities. CoRR abs/2112.14771 (2021). arXiv:2112.14771

Zeinab Nehai, Pierre-Yves Piriou, and Frédéric F. Daumas. 2018. Model-Checking of Smart Contracts. In IEEE International Conference on Internet of Things (iThings) and IEEE Green Computing and Communications (GreenCom) and IEEE Cyber, Physical and Social Computing (CPSCom) and IEEE Smart Data (SmartData), iThings/GreenCom/CPSCom/SmartData 2018, Halifax, NS, Canada, July 30 - August 3, 2018. IEEE, 980–987.

Keerthi Nelaturu, Anastasia Mavridou, Andreas G. Veneris, and Aron Laszka. 2020. Verified Development and Deployment of Multiple Interacting Smart Contracts with VeriSolid. In IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency, ICBC 2020, Toronto, ON, Canada, May 2-6, 2020. IEEE, 1–9.

Tai D. Nguyen, Long H. Pham, Jun Sun, Yun Lin, and Quang Tran Minh. 2020. sFuzz: an efficient adaptive fuzzer for solidity smart contracts. In ICSE ’20: 42nd International Conference on Software Engineering, Seoul, South Korea, 27 June - 19 July, 2020. ACM, 778–788.

T. Q. Nguyen, A. K. Das, and Tran L. T. 2019. NEO Smart Contract for Drought-Based Insurance. In 2019 IEEE Canadian Conference of Electrical and Computer Engineering, CCECE 2019, Edmonton, AB, Canada, May 5-8, 2019. IEEE, 1–4.

Ivica Nikolic, Aashish Kolluri, Ilya Sergey, Prateek Saxena, and Aquinas Hobor. 2018. Finding The Greedy, Prodigal, and Suicidal Contracts at Scale. In Proceedings of the 34th Annual Computer Security Applications Conference, ACSAC 2018, San Juan, PR, USA, December 03-07, 2018. ACM, 653–663.

Russell O’Connor. 2017. Simplicity: A New Language for Blockchains. In Proceedings of the 2017 Workshop on Programming Languages and Analysis for Security, PLAS@CCS 2017, Dallas, TX, USA, October 30, 2017. ACM, 107–120.

Zhenyu Pan, Tianyuan Hu, Chen Qian, and Bixin Li. 2021. ReDefender: A Tool for Detecting Reentrancy Vulnerabilities in Smart Contracts Effectively. In 21st IEEE International Conference on Software Quality, Reliability and Security, QRS 2021, Hainan, China, December 6-10, 2021. IEEE, 915–925.

Daejun Park, Yi Zhang, Manasvi Saxena, Philip Daian, and Grigore Rosu. 2018. A formal verification tool for Ethereum VM bytecode. In Proceedings of the 2018 ACM Joint Meeting on European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering, ESEC/SIGSOFT FSE 2018, Lake Buena Vista, FL, USA, November 04-09, 2018. ACM, 912–915.

Chao Peng, Sefa Akca, and Ajitha Rajan. 2019. SIF: A Framework for Solidity Contract Instrumentation and Analysis. In 26th Asia-Pacific Software Engineering Conference, APSEC 2019, Putrajaya, Malaysia, December 2-5, 2019. IEEE, 466–473.

Alfredo J. Perez and Sherali Zeadally. 2022. Secure and privacy-preserving crowdsensing using smart contracts: Issues and solutions. Comput. Sci. Rev. 43 (2022), 100450. 

Daniel Perez and Benjamin Livshits. 2021. Smart Contract Vulnerabilities: Vulnerable Does Not Imply Exploited. In USENIX Security Symposium. 1325–1341.

Anton Permenev, Dimitar K. Dimitrov, Petar Tsankov, Dana Drachsler-Cohen, and Martin T. Vechev. 2020. VerX: Safety Verification of Smart Contracts. In 2020 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, SP 2020, San Francisco, CA, USA, May 18-21, 2020. IEEE, 1661–1677. 

Joshua R Polanin, Terri D Pigott, Dorothy L Espelage, and Jennifer K Grotpeter. 2019. Best practice guidelines for abstract screening large-evidence systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Research Synthesis Methods 10, 3 (2019), 330–342.

Purathani Praitheeshan, Lei Pan, Xi Zheng, Alireza Jolfaei, and Robin Doss. 2021. SolGuard: Preventing external call issues in smart contract-based multi-agent robotic systems. Inf. Sci. 579 (2021), 150–166.

Sarah Qahtan, Khaironi Yatim Sharif, Hazura Zulzalil, Mohd Hafeez Osman, A. A. Zaidan, and Hassan A. Alsattar. 2023. Review of healthcare industry 4.0 application-based blockchain in terms of security and privacy development attributes: Comprehensive taxonomy, open issues and challenges and recommended solution. J. Netw. Comput. Appl. 209 (2023), 103529.

Peng Qian, Zhenguang Liu, Qinming He, Roger Zimmermann, and Xun Wang. 2020. Towards Automated Reentrancy Detection for Smart Contracts Based on Sequential Models. IEEE Access 8 (2020), 19685–19695. 

Meixun Qu, Xin Huang, Xu Chen, Yi Wang, Xiaofeng Ma, and Dawei Liu. 2018. Formal Verification of Smart Contracts from the Perspective of Concurrency. In Smart Blockchain - First International Conference, SmartBlock 2018, Tokyo, Japan, December 10-12, 2018, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 11373). Springer, 32–43. 

Heidelinde Rameder, Monika Di Angelo, and Gernot Salzer. 2022. Review of automated vulnerability analysis of smart contracts on Ethereum. Front. Blockchain 5 (2022).

Michael Rodler, Wenting Li, Ghassan O. Karame, and Lucas Davi. 2019. Sereum: Protecting Existing Smart Contracts Against Re-Entrancy Attacks. In 26th Annual Network and Distributed System Security Symposium, NDSS 2019, San Diego, California, USA, February 24-27, 2019. The Internet Society. 

Michael Rodler, Wenting Li, Ghassan O. Karame, and Lucas Davi. 2021. EVMPatch: Timely and Automated Patching of Ethereum Smart Contracts. In 30th USENIX Security Symposium, USENIX Security 2021, August 11-13, 2021. USENIX Association, 1289–1306.

Muhammad Saad, Jeffrey Spaulding, Laurent Njilla, Charles A. Kamhoua, Sachin Shetty, DaeHun Nyang, and David Mohaisen. 2020. Exploring the Attack Surface of Blockchain: A Comprehensive Survey. IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutorials 22, 3 (2020), 1977–2008. 

Md. Nazmus Saadat, Syed Abdul Halim Syed Abdul Rahman, Rasheed Mohammad Nassr, and Megat F. Zuhiri. 2019. Blockchain based crowdfunding systems in Malaysian Perspective. In Proceedings of the 2019 11th International Conference on Computer and Automation Engineering, ICCAE 2019, Perth, WN, Australia, February 23-25, 2019. ACM, 57–61.

Noama Fatima Samreen and Manar H. Alalfi. 2021. SmartScan: An approach to detect Denial of Service Vulnerability in Ethereum Smart Contracts. In 4th IEEE/ACM International Workshop on Emerging Trends in Software Engineering for Blockchain, WETSEB@ICSE 2021, Madrid, Spain, May 31, 2021. IEEE, 17–26.

Clara Schneidewind, Ilya Grishchenko, Markus Scherer, and Matteo Maffei. 2020. eThor: Practical and Provably Sound Static Analysis of Ethereum Smart Contracts. In CCS ’20: 2020 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security, Virtual Event, USA, November 9-13, 2020. ACM, 621–640. 

Supriya Shakya, Arnab Mukherjee, Raju Halder, Abyayananda Maiti, and Amrita Chaturvedi. 2022. SmartMixModel: Machine Learning-based Vulnerability Detection of Solidity Smart Contracts. In IEEE International Conference on Blockchain, Blockchain 2022, Espoo, Finland, August 22-25, 2022. IEEE, 37–44.

Rajesh Kumar Singh, Ruchi Mishra, Shivam Gupta, and Archana A. Mukherjee. 2023. Blockchain applications for secured and resilient supply chains: A systematic literature review and future research agenda. Comput. Ind. Eng. 175 (2023), 108854.

Sunbeom So, Seongjoon Hong, and Hakjoo Oh. 2021. SmarTest: Effectively Hunting Vulnerable Transaction Sequences in Smart Contracts through Language Model-Guided Symbolic Execution. In 30th USENIX Security Symposium, USENIX Security 2021, August 11-13, 2021. USENIX Association, 1361–1378.

Sunbeom So, Myungho Lee, Jisu Park, Heejo Lee, and Hakjoo Oh. 2020. VERISMART: A Highly Precise Safety Verifier for Ethereum Smart Contracts. In 2020 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, SP 2020, San Francisco, CA, USA, May 18-21, 2020. IEEE, 1678–1694.

Samuel Steffen, Benjamin Bichsel, Mario Gersbach, Noa Melchior, Petar Tsankov, and Martin T. Vechev. 2019. zkay: Specifying and Enforcing Data Privacy in Smart Contracts. In Proceedings of the 2019 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security, CCS 2019, London, UK, November 11-15, 2019. ACM, 1759–1776.

Samuel Steffen, Benjamin Bichsel, and Martin T. Vechev. 2022. Zapper: Smart Contracts with Data and Identity Privacy. In Proceedings of the 2022 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security, CCS 2022, Los Angeles, CA, USA, November 7-11, 2022. ACM, 2735–2749.

Jon Stephens, Kostas Ferles, Benjamin Mariano, Shuvendu Lahiri, and Isil Dillig. 2021. SmartPulse: automated checking of temporal properties in smart contracts. In 2021 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP). IEEE, 555–571.

Jakia Sultana, Say Yen Teoh, and Stan Karanasios. 2022. The Impact of Blockchain on Supply Chains: A systematic Review. Australas. J. Inf. Syst. 26 (2022).

Wesley Joon-Wie Tann, Xing Jie Han, Sourav Sen Gupta, and Yew-Soon Ong. 2018. Towards Safer Smart Contracts: A Sequence Learning Approach to Detecting Vulnerabilities. CoRR abs/1811.06632 (2018). arXiv: 1811.06632

Sergei Tikhomirov, Ekaterina Voskresenskaya, Ivan Ivanitskiy, Ramil Takhaviev, Evgeny Marchenko, and Yaroslav Alexandrov. 2018. SmartCheck: Static Analysis of Ethereum Smart Contracts. In 1st IEEE/ACM International Workshop on Emerging Trends in Software Engineering for Blockchain, WETSEB@ICSE 2018, Gothenburg, Sweden, May 27 -June 3, 2018. ACM, 9–16.

Palina Tolmach, Yi Li, Shangwei Lin, Yang Liu, and Zengxiang Li. 2022. A Survey of Smart Contract Formal Specification and Verification. ACM Comput. Surv. 54, 7 (2022), 148:1–148:38.

Christof Ferreira Torres, Mathis Baden, Robert Norvill, and Hugo Jonker. 2019. ÆGIS: Smart Shielding of Smart Contracts. In Proceedings of the 2019 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security, CCS 2019, London, UK, November 11-15, 2019. ACM, 2589–2591.

Christof Ferreira Torres, Mathis Baden, Robert Norvill, Beltran Borja Fiz Pontiveros, Hugo Jonker, and Sjouke Mauw. 2020. ÆGIS: Shielding Vulnerable Smart Contracts Against Attacks. In ASIA CCS ’20: The 15th ACM Asia Conference on Computer and Communications Security, Taipei, Taiwan, October 5-9, 2020. ACM, 584–597.

Christof Ferreira Torres, Ramiro Camino, and Radu State. 2021. Frontrunner Jones and the Raiders of the Dark Forest: An Empirical Study of Frontrunning on the Ethereum Blockchain. In 30th USENIX Security Symposium, USENIX Security 2021, August 11-13, 2021. USENIX Association, 1343–1359. 

Christof Ferreira Torres, Antonio Ken Iannillo, Arthur Gervais, and Radu State. 2021. ConFuzzius: A Data Dependency-Aware Hybrid Fuzzer for Smart Contracts. In IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy, EuroS&P 2021, Vienna, Austria, September 6-10, 2021. IEEE, 103–119.

Christof Ferreira Torres, Hugo Jonker, and Radu State. 2022. Elysium: Context-Aware Bytecode-Level Patching to Automatically Heal Vulnerable Smart Contracts. In 25th International Symposium on Research in Attacks, Intrusions and Defenses, RAID 2022, Limassol, Cyprus, October 26-28, 2022. ACM, 115–128.

Christof Ferreira Torres, Julian Schütte, and Radu State. 2018. Osiris: Hunting for Integer Bugs in Ethereum Smart Contracts. In Proceedings of the 34th Annual Computer Security Applications Conference, ACSAC 2018, San Juan, PR, USA, December 03-07, 2018. ACM, 664–676.

Christof Ferreira Torres, Mathis Steichen, and Radu State. 2019. The Art of The Scam: Demystifying Honeypots in Ethereum Smart Contracts. In 28th USENIX Security Symposium, USENIX Security 2019, Santa Clara, CA, USA, August 14-16, 2019. USENIX Association, 1591–1607. 

Petar Tsankov, Andrei Marian Dan, Dana Drachsler-Cohen, Arthur Gervais, Florian Bünzli, and Martin T. Vechev. 2018. Securify: Practical Security Analysis of Smart Contracts. In Proceedings of the 2018 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security, CCS 2018, Toronto, ON, Canada, October 15-19, 2018. ACM, 67–82.

Anna Vacca, Andrea Di Sorbo, Corrado Aaron Visaggio, and Gerardo Canfora. 2021. A systematic literature review of blockchain and smart contract development: Techniques, tools, and open challenges. J. Syst. Softw. 174 (2021), 110891.

Haijun Wang, Yi Li, Shang-Wei Lin, Lei Ma, and Yang Liu. 2019. Vultron: catching vulnerable smart contracts once and for all. In Proceedings of the 41st International Conference on Software Engineering: New Ideas and Emerging Results, ICSE (NIER) 2019, Montreal, QC, Canada, May 29-31, 2019. IEEE / ACM, 1–4. 

Shuai Wang, Chengyu Zhang, and Zhendong Su. 2019. Detecting nondeterministic payment bugs in Ethereum smart contracts. Proc. ACM Program. Lang. 3, OOPSLA (2019), 189:1–189:29.

Wei Wang, Jingjing Song, Guangquan Xu, Yidong Li, Hao Wang, and Chunhua Su. 2021. ContractWard: Automated Vulnerability Detection Models for Ethereum Smart Contracts. IEEE Trans. Netw. Sci. Eng. 8, 2 (2021), 1133–1144.

Xinming Wang, Jiahao He, Zhijian Xie, Gansen Zhao, and Shing-Chi Cheung. 2020. ContractGuard: Defend Ethereum Smart Contracts with Embedded Intrusion Detection. IEEE Trans. Serv. Comput. 13, 2 (2020), 314–328.

Yuepeng Wang, Shuvendu K Lahiri, Shuo Chen, Rong Pan, Isil Dillig, Cody Born, and Immad Naseer. 2018. Formal specification and verification of smart contracts for azure blockchain. arXiv preprint arXiv:1812.08829 (2018).

Konrad Weiss and Julian Schütte. 2019. Annotary: A Concolic Execution System for Developing Secure Smart Contracts. In Computer Security - ESORICS 2019 - 24th European Symposium on Research in Computer Security, Luxembourg, September 23-27, 2019, Proceedings, Part I (Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 11735). Springer, 747–766.

Gavin Wood et al. 2014. Ethereum: A secure decentralised generalised transaction ledger. Ethereum project yellow paper 151, 2014 (2014), 1–32.

Valentin Wüstholz and Maria Christakis. 2020. Harvey: a greybox fuzzer for smart contracts. In ESEC/FSE ’20: 28th ACM Joint European Software Engineering Conference and Symposium on the Foundations of Software Engineering, Virtual Event, USA, November 8-13, 2020. ACM, 1398–1409.

Zheng Yang and Hang Lei. 2019. FEther: An Extensible Definitional Interpreter for Smart-Contract Verifications in Coq. IEEE Access 7 (2019), 37770–37791.

Jiaming Ye, Mingliang Ma, Yun Lin, Lei Ma, Yinxing Xue, and Jianjun Zhao. 2022. Vulpedia: Detecting vulnerable ethereum smart contracts via abstracted vulnerability signatures. J. Syst. Softw. 192 (2022), 111410.

Rutao Yu, Jiangang Shu, Dekai Yan, and Xiaohua Jia. 2021. ReDetect: Reentrancy Vulnerability Detection in Smart Contracts with High Accuracy. In 17th International Conference on Mobility, Sensing and Networking, MSN 2021, Exeter, United Kingdom, December 13-15, 2021. IEEE, 412–419. 

Ye Yuan and TongYi Xie. 2022. SVChecker: a deep learning-based system for smart contract vulnerability detection. In International Conference on Computer Application and Information Security (ICCAIS 2021), Vol. 12260. SPIE, 226–231.

Qingren Zeng, Jiahao He, Gansen Zhao, Shuangyin Li, Jingji Yang, Hua Tang, and Haoyu Luo. 2022. EtherGIS: A Vulnerability Detection Framework for Ethereum Smart Contracts Based on Graph Learning Features. In 46th IEEE Annual Computers, Software, and Applications Conferenc, COMPSAC 2022, Los Alamitos, CA, USA, June 27 - July 1, 2022. IEEE, 1742–1749.

Fan Zhang, Ethan Cecchetti, Kyle Croman, Ari Juels, and Elaine Shi. 2016. Town crier: An authenticated data feed for smart contracts. In Proceedings of the 2016 aCM sIGSAC conference on computer and communications security. 270–282.

Luyao Zhang, Tianyu Wu, Saad Lahrichi, Carlos-Gustavo Salas-Flores, and Jiayi Li. 2022. A Data Science Pipeline for Algorithmic Trading: A Comparative Study of Applications for Finance and Cryptoeconomics. In IEEE International Conference on Blockchain, Blockchain 2022, Espoo, Finland, August 22-25, 2022. IEEE, 298–303.

Mengya Zhang, Xiaokuan Zhang, Yinqian Zhang, and Zhiqiang Lin. 2020. TXSPECTOR: Uncovering Attacks in Ethereum from Transactions. In 29th USENIX Security Symposium, USENIX Security 2020, August 12-14, 2020. USENIX Association, 2775–2792. 

Pengcheng Zhang, Feng Xiao, and Xiapu Luo. 2019. SolidityCheck : Quickly Detecting Smart Contract Problems Through Regular Expressions. CoRR abs/1911.09425 (2019). arXiv:1911.09425 

Qingzhao Zhang, Yizhuo Wang, Juanru Li, and Siqi Ma. 2020. EthPloit: From Fuzzing to Efficient Exploit Generation against Smart Contracts. In 27th IEEE International Conference on Software Analysis, Evolution and Reengineering, SANER 2020, London, ON, Canada, February 18-21, 2020. IEEE, 116–126.

Yuyao Zhang, Siqi Ma, Juanru Li, Kailai Li, Surya Nepal, and Dawu Gu. 2020. SMARTSHIELD: Automatic Smart Contract Protection Made Easy. In 27th IEEE International Conference on Software Analysis, Evolution and Reengineering, SANER 2020, London, ON, Canada, February 18-21, 2020. IEEE, 23–34. 

Gavin Zheng, Longxiang Gao, Liqun Huang, and Jian Guan. 2021. Ethereum Smart Contract Development in Solidity. Springer.

Wei Zheng, Jialiang Gao, Xiaoxue Wu, Fengyu Liu, Yuxing Xun, Guoliang Liu, and Xiang Chen. 2020. The impact factors on the performance of machine learning-based vulnerability detection: A comparative study. J. Syst. Softw. 168 (2020), 110659.

Zibin Zheng, Shaoan Xie, Hong-Ning Dai, Weili Chen, Xiangping Chen, Jian Weng, and Muhammad Imran. 2020. An overview on smart contracts: Challenges, advances and platforms. Future Generation Computer Systems 105 (2020), 475–491.

Ence Zhou, Song Hua, Bingfeng Pi, Jun Sun, Yashihide Nomura, Kazuhiro Yamashita, and Hidetoshi Kurihara. 2018. Security Assurance for Smart Contract. In 9th IFIP International Conference on New Technologies, Mobility and Security, NTMS 2018, Paris, France, February 26-28, 2018. IEEE, 1–5.

Liyi Zhou, Kaihua Qin, Christof Ferreira Torres, Duc Viet Le, and Arthur Gervais. 2021. High-Frequency Trading on Decentralized On-Chain Exchanges. In 42nd IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy, SP 2021, San Francisco, CA, USA, 24-27 May 2021. IEEE, 428–445.

Yuan Zhuang, Zhenguang Liu, Peng Qian, Qi Liu, Xiang Wang, and Qinming He. 2020. Smart Contract Vulnerability Detection using Graph Neural Network. In Proceedings of the Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, IJCAI 2020. ijcai.org, 3283–3290.

Shunfan Zhou, Malte Möser, Zhemin Yang, Ben Adida, Thorsten Holz, Jie Xiang, Steven Goldfeder, Yinzhi Cao, Martin Plattner, Xiaojun Qin, et al. 2020. An ever-evolving game: Evaluation of real-world attacks and defenses in ethereum ecosystem. In 29th USENIX Security Symposium (USENIX Security 20). 2793–2810.

Valentina Piantadosi, Giovanni Rosa, Davide Placella, Simone Scalabrino, and Rocco Oliveto. 2023. Detecting functional and security-related issues in smart contracts: A systematic literature review. Software: Practice and Experience 53, 2 (2023), 465–495.

Stegeman L. SLars Stegeman. 2018. Solitor: runtime verification of smart contracts on the Ethereum network. Master’s thesis. University of Twente.