Purpose:  Delivery of radiation at ultrahigh dose rates (UHDRs), known as FLASH, has recently been shown to preferentially spare normal tissues from radiation damage compared with tumor tissues. However, the underlying mechanism of this phenomenon remains unknown, with one of the most widely considered hypotheses being that the effect is related to substantial oxygen depletion upon FLASH, thereby altering the radiochemical damage during irradiation, leading to different radiation responses of normal and tumor cells. Testing of this hypothesis would be advanced by direct measurement of tissue oxygen in vivo during and after FLASH irradiation.

Methods and materials:  Oxygen measurements were performed in vitro and in vivo using the phosphorescence quenching method and a water-soluble molecular probe Oxyphor 2P. The changes in oxygen per unit dose (G-values) were quantified in response to irradiation by 10 MeV electron beam at either UHDR reaching 300 Gy/s or conventional radiation therapy dose rates of 0.1 Gy/s.


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Results:  In vitro experiments with 5% bovine serum albumin solutions at 23C resulted in G-values for oxygen consumption of 0.19 to 0.21 mm Hg/Gy (0.34-0.37 M/Gy) for conventional irradiation and 0.16 to 0.17 mm Hg/Gy (0.28-0.30 M/Gy) for UHDR irradiation. In vivo, the total decrease in oxygen after a single fraction of 20 Gy FLASH irradiation was 2.3  0.3 mm Hg in normal tissue and 1.0  0.2 mm Hg in tumor tissue (P < .00001), whereas no decrease in oxygen was observed from a single fraction of 20 Gy applied in conventional mode.

Conclusions:  Our observations suggest that oxygen depletion to radiologically relevant levels of hypoxia is unlikely to occur in bulk tissue under FLASH irradiation. For the same dose, FLASH irradiation induces less oxygen consumption than conventional irradiation in vitro, which may be related to the FLASH sparing effect. However, the difference in oxygen depletion between FLASH and conventional irradiation could not be quantified in vivo because measurements of oxygen depletion under conventional irradiation are hampered by resupply of oxygen from the blood.

Vivo Flash Tool lets users flash firmware (stock ROMs), Recovery, Custom ROMs on Vivo phones. So if you have any Vivo Phones then you can download Vivo Flash Tool. It will let you manage your Vivo device in different situations. The Vivo Flash tool comes with many advantages.

Vivo is one of the emerging Smartphone companies and has many customers. Vivo phones come with Snapdragon and MediaTek processors. And if you own a MediaTek-based Vivo phone, then you can also use SP Flash Tool to flash Firmware, Recovery, and custom ROMs.

Mostly you can find flash tools for all the smartphones like Samsung, Oppo, Micromax, Lenovo, and similarly for Vivo Smartphones as Vivo Flash Tool. If your phone is bricked or stuck at the boot logo or not starting then Vivo Flash Tool will save your day.

Along with flashing Firmware, Custom ROMs, and Recovery, the Vivo Flash Tool also lets users back up and recover phone data. Also, users can update their phones using the specific Update files. It works for both MediaTek and Qualcomm based phones.

The Vivo flash tool works on Windows PC for flashing Vivo Firmware. But to connect your Vivo phone with the tool you need to first install a set of Vivo USB Drivers. You can download the required drivers from the below links.

Download and extract the Vivo Flash Tool using 7zip, WinRAR, or Winzip. Also, Install the flash tool driver after downloading. We have added the Vivo Flash Tool aka AFTool 5.1.31 in this guide.

Delineating the complex network of interactions between antigen-specific T cells and antigen presenting cells (APCs) is crucial for effective precision therapies against cancer, chronic infections, and autoimmunity. However, the existing arsenal for examining antigen-specific T cell interactions is restricted to a select few antigen-T cell receptor pairs, with limited in situ utility. This lack of versatility is largely due to the disruptive effects of reagents on the immune synapse, which hinder real-time monitoring of antigen-specific interactions. To address this limitation, we have developed a novel and versatile immune monitoring strategy by adding a short cysteine-rich tag to antigenic peptides that emits fluorescence upon binding to thiol-reactive biarsenical hairpin compounds. Our findings demonstrate the specificity and durability of the novel antigen-targeting probes during dynamic immune monitoring in vitro and in vivo. This strategy opens new avenues for biological validation of T-cell receptors with newly identified epitopes by revealing the behavior of previously unrecognized antigen-receptor pairs, expanding our understanding of T cell responses.

This study describes a method to track MHC class II binding peptides on dendritic cell (DC) surfaces using a tetracystein tag and a thiol-reactive dye, which can then be investigated in vitro and in vivo. This is a valuable study for the impact on immunology and potentially other areas where the detection of cell-associated peptides is required. The methods are convincing based on the use of MHC class I/II deficient mice that have significantly reduced signal, but the non-zero background is detected, and it is not clear that this is lower than if the peptides were directly labelled with fluorophores.

Intravital two-photon microscopy of the popliteal lymph node further confirmed the antigenicity of OVACACA in vivo by revealing the morphological changes compatible with T cell priming such as increased T cell volume and decreased sphericity (Fig. 3e). OTII-DC synapses had greater 3D volume and duration and harbored more FlAsH than surrounding regions (Fig. 3g-h). Overall, FlAsH signal was exclusively picked up by OTII T cells imaged, as early as 18 h (Fig. 3i, Supplementary video 1).

To delineate whether FlAsH labeling reports free vs. MHCII-bound peptide in cells, we initially assessed how surface MHCII expression of cells correlates with the OVACACA-FlAsH signal. C57BL/6 splenocytes were incubated with OVA-Biotin or OVACACA and peptide distributions among the T cells, B cells and DCs were quantified by flow cytometry using streptavidin or FlAsH (Fig. 4a). Both streptavidin and FlAsH signals correlated significantly with MHCII expression, providing the strongest signal in DCs, where CD4+ T cells served as a negative control due to lack of MHCII expression in mouse T cells [21] (Fig. 4b). It is worth mentioning that streptavidin detection of biotinylated peptide is a viable option for quantifying peptide loading on cells. However, size and membrane impermeable nature of streptavidin make it unsuitable for assays that include live monitoring of the T-DC interaction [22]. Next, we addressed whether FlAsH labeling of OVACACA-pulsed DCs is dependent on the MHC expression. CD11c+ DCs were isolated from MHCII single knockout or MHCI and II double knockout (KO) mice, labeled with tracking dyes and mixed 1:1 with WT C57BL/6 DCs. Subsequently, they were incubated with OVACACA and treated with ReAsH and FlAsH as in Fig. 1 (Fig. 4e). To make a fair comparison between WT and KO DCs and minimize autofluorescence, we performed adoptive transfers, aiming to facilitate in vivo elimination of apoptotic and possibly defective KO DCs [23, 24]. Flow cytometry analysis of the draining lymph node demonstrated that WT DCs, but not MHCII KO DCs, harbored FlAsH. Two-photon microscopy of the lymph node further confirmed these findings, indicating that FlAsH robustly marks OVACACA-MHCII complexes (Fig. 4e-h).

Put your device down to charge and pick it up to stop charging, all without the hassle of wires. With a maximum charging power of 50W, your vivo X70 Pro+ gets a 50% charge in 26 minutes*, as fast as it takes with wired charging.

In this guide, we will show you the steps to manually flash the Vivo firmware onto your device from Recovery Mode. While Vivo is not necessarily the fastest when it comes to releasing updates, but it does get the job done in a timely manner. So you might then ask that when the OEM is releasing OTA updates, why is there a need to manually flash them? Well, these updates are usually rolled out in batches, meaning not everyone would receive them in one go.

To fix: Just head to settings and click on accessibility. There is probably a list entitled "Hearing" which should contain the option to flash anytime there are notifications or calls. Turn this off to disable the feature.

It all started when I flashed the wrong recovery.img on my device. I have two Vivo Y97s with the exact model, version, and specs. I didn't realize that I need to port TWRP first on my recovery.img before I can flash it using fastboot. After I flashed the wrong recovery.img, my device suddenly wouldn't turn on, couldn't boot up, and couldn't even enter recovery mode. BTW, they are both bootloader unlocked and the other one is already rooted.

I've flashed the system.img (this contains the library of Android system) and also vendor.img (this contains the drivers of all the hardware for the device, like GPU, camera, touchscreen, microphone, audio, and sensors that the apps use).

If you need to target a cell population specifically without affecting other ones in the same tissue, then your new best friend will probably be: the lentiviral vector. The use of a specific promoter for your cells of interest is a smart option, and lentiviruses will then allow you to validate your strategy in vitro before working in vivo. AAVs are not that good at modifying cell cultures, and adding a specific promoter to your construct may just end up designing a large size cassette which an AAV cannot handle (limit of 4.5kb) (4). Click here to learn more about specific promoters.

If you lift the watch off your wrist a bit, I would guess that you will continue to see the green lights flashing. However, if the contact with the skin is broken, that will tell the watch that you're no longer wearing it, so ot will cease trying to measure your heart rate and the green light will turn off. 17dc91bb1f

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