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Higher insulin resistance, as measured by the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp method, was reported in adolescents with IGT compared with control subjects with NGT, with no significant differences in insulin secretion (19). However, the group with IGT had a significantly higher ratio of visceral to subcutaneous abdominal fat (P = 0.002). We previously demonstrated that higher visceral fat is associated with lower insulin sensitivity in obese insulin-resistant youth (12). Thus, the lower insulin sensitivity in IGT in the former study could be related to the higher level of visceral fat. In another study, the same group reported that IGT is characterized by a decline in AIR, based on OGTT data (20). In that study, the children with IGT were heavier and had significantly higher BMI z scores than children with NGT, but abdominal adiposity was not evaluated (20). However, when researchers evaluated subjects with NGT, IGT, and of similar BMI and % body fat using mathematical modeling of the hyperglycemic clamp data, the glucose sensitivity of first-phase insulin secretion declined from NGT to IGT and from IGT to type 2 diabetes (although absolute insulin levels did not) (21). Also, recently, they reported decreased glucose sensitivity of first-phase insulin secretion in subjects with IGT compared with those with NGT, which was consistent with our findings (22). The different findings in these studies could be attributed to different methodologies used and the differences in BMI and body composition between the NGT and IGT groups. Data in high-risk overweight Latino children were consistent with our present observations. Subjects with NGT and IGT of similar body composition and abdominal fat distribution had similar insulin sensitivity, but subjects with IGT had relative insulin deficiency with significantly lower GDI than those with NGT (6). Lastly, the current findings confirm our previous observations in girls with PCOS (9).
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Hepatic glucose production was higher in type 2 diabetes than in NGT. This is consistent with our previous report of increased HGP in type 2 diabetic youth than in obese control subjects (23) and with adult data suggesting that increased endogenous glucose production contributes to fasting hyperglycemia (17). Finally, our data demonstrate that first-phase insulin and GDI are significant determinants of measures of glycemic regulation, including fasting glucose and 2-h glucose during the OGTT. These findings are in agreement with our findings in girls with PCOS (9) and with the adult literature in terms of the determinants of the glycemic status in subjects with IGT, although all the variables were not measured simultaneously in these subjects (24,25).
Risky alcohol consumption and tobacco smoking is highly prevalent in bipolar disorder (BD) and is associated with increased formation of neural reactive oxygen species. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) is an in vivo imaging modality that allows quantification of glutathione (GSH) concentration, the brains primary antioxidant. Sixty-four patients with BD and 49 controls (18-30 years) completed self-report questionnaires regarding alcohol and tobacco use and underwent (1)H-MRS. Levels of GSH in the hippocampus and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) were determined. Within-group Pearson's correlations were used to explore the relationship between alcohol use and GSH concentration for BD and controls, covarying for age, gender, family history of alcohol dependence and smoking status. Relationships between GSH and presence/severity of alcohol-induced blackouts were determined using Spearman's correlations. In BD, reduced hippocampal-GSH associated with higher alcohol use (R = -0.489, p < 0.021). Reduction of ACC-GSH with increased drinking was non-significant when controlling for tobacco use. Independent samples t-test revealed a significantly decreased ACC-GSH in smokers with BD (t (53) = 4.162, p < 0.001). In controls, alcohol use was not correlated to GSH in either region. In both patients and controls, reduced hippocampal-GSH was associated with blackout presence/severity, supporting a role for the hippocampus in the continuum of alcohol-induced memory impairments. Our preliminary findings suggest that in youth with BD reduced hippocampal-GSH is associated with risky alcohol use and alcohol and tobacco use is associated with reduced ACC-GSH, highlighting the role of these substances as modifiable risk factors for decreased anti-oxidant capacity in BD.
In 2006, Bryant and his wife Vanessa launched their Foundation to enhance the lives of young people through cultural and educational experiences. The Kobe and Vanessa Bryant Family Foundation (KVBFF) is dedicated to improving the lives of youth and families in need, and encouraging young people to stay active through sports.
KVBFF operates Mamba FC, a youth soccer club in Orange County that teaches young athletes how to become leaders and independent thinkers, while working together as a group to achieve a common goal through health and fitness.
Catabolism of juvenile hormone was studied in vivo in the African locust by injection of the labelled natural enantiomer (10R) (12-3H) JH-III. Due to the poor solubility of JH in aqueous solution, it was injected in a water-miscible solvent. Ethanol was chosen for its apparently low toxicity towards the locust. In these experimental conditions, reverse phase liquid chromatography procedure (RP-HPLC) coupled with on line radiodetection, revealed an apolar metabolite of JH-III. This compound was found both in adult females and in fifth stadium larvae. We demonstrate that this metabolite resulted from substitution of the carboxyl methyl group of JH-III by some hydrophobic moiety. This compound co-migrates in our RP-HPLC system with the JH analog epoxy-ethyl farnesoate (JH-III ethyl ester) obtained by KCN-catalysed transesterification of JH-III in ethanol. Both JH-III ethyl ester of chemical origin and biological compounds extracted from locusts give the same spectra when analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Transesterification of JH-III was not observed with locust tissues incubated in vitro but occurred in vivo even if JH was injected in other alcoholic solvents such as propanol. Our data suggest that transesterification of JH-III occurred in vivo and underline the role of injecting solvent in in vivo studies.
Quantification of the egg yolk precursor vitellogenin (VTG) in fish has become a standard technique to detect estrogenic effects of known chemicals and environmental samples. In the present study, we have analysed VTG induction by estradiol, ethynylestradiol and genistein exposure in the model teleost medaka (Oryzias latipes) and demonstrate that the medaka is a suitable model system to analyse estrogenic effects. By comparing VTG gene expression and protein levels we show that in principal both techniques can be used to study VTG induction in vivo (juvenile and adult males) and in vitro (primary cultures of male liver cells). If a short term in vivo or in vitro exposure is performed, detection of mRNA might be sufficient. For long term studies with the need to detect weak estrogenic chemicals and a precise quantification, immuno-chemical detection may be favoured.
Methods: We enrolled healthy controls, children with seronegative polyarticular or extended oligoarticular JIA, and the index patient. All children were 2-8 years old. PBMCs underwent collection, ex vivo differentiation to Th0, Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, and then re-stimulation. After this, cytokine secretion was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Transcription factor expression and cytokine transcription was assessed by Western blot and quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction. Whole exome sequencing identified the index patient GATA-3 mutation.
Results: Differentiated effector Th cell cultures from children with JIA secrete much higher levels of characteristic cytokines than healthy control children. The Th cell average JIA/control ratios were markedly increased for Th1 (IFN, 3.4), Th2 (IL-5, 6.0 and IL-13, 10.3), and Th17 (IL-17, 5.5). The index patient had increased index/control ratios for Th1 (IFN, 4.5) and Th17 (IL-17, 3.6) cultures and no change in Th-2 ratios. Surprisingly, the undifferentiated Th0 cells from children with JIA and the index patient secrete IFN, with ratios being JIA/control 5.5 and index/control 22.6. The ex vivo assay in healthy children produces much lower levels of cytokines than in healthy adults. 006ab0faaa
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