Learning Outcome

Program Outcome:

The program is the general one giving significant importance to all the branches of chemistry to build a good knowledge of students. In this program, students have experience in gaining a substantial understanding of chemistry's theoretical and practical skills. Students have developed skills in different qualitative and quantitative analysis methods. It helps to establish their career in various fields. This valuable knowledge eventually comes in case the students opt for a job.

Program Specific Outcome:

  • General Chemistry helps you to understand the world around you

  • Quickly assess the properties of a maximum number of elements discovered

  • Will become familiar with the different branches of chemistry like physical, inorganic, organic, analytical, environmental, polymer, and biochemistry

  • Acquires the ability to separate and characterize compounds using laboratory techniques

  • Know the fundamentals and applications of chemical and scientific theories

  • It helps in understanding the causes of environmental pollution and can open up new methods for environmental pollution control

Course Outcome (CO):

After B. Sc. in Chemistry (G), the students can:

Students gained theoretical and practical knowledge of handling chemicals. Also, they expand the knowledge available opportunities related to chemistry in the government services, particularly in food safety, health inspector, pharmacist, etc. Achieve the skills required to succeed in graduate school, professional school, and the chemical industry like cement industries, agro product, Paint industries, Rubber industries, Petrochemical industries, Food processing industries, Fertilizer industries, etc. Understand the importance of the elements in the periodic table, including their physical and chemical nature and role in daily life. Understand the concept of chemistry to interrelate and interact with other subjects like mathematics, physics, and biological science. Learn laboratory skills and safely transfer and interpret knowledge entirely in the working environment.

Course Description of Semester I:

This course covers fundamental principles and laws of chemistry.

The following topics are included:

  • Kinetic theory of gases: Gas molecules' collision gives rise to temperature and pressure, collision number, mean free path. Maxwell’s distribution of speed and kinetic energy; Different types of velocities, the principle of equipartition of energy. Elements of non-ideality and deviation of real gases from ideal behavior; compressibility factor, van der Waals equation for real gases, Critical constants in terms of van der Waals constants; Law of corresponding states

  • Liquid State: Surface tension and Viscosity, measurements, and related problems

  • Chemical Kinetics: Rate law, Order, and molecularity, 1st, 2nd, and nth-order reactions, Determine the order of a reaction. Temperature dependence of rate constant

  • Atomic Structure: Bohr's theory for the hydrogen atom, atomic spectra of hydrogen, Sommerfeld's modifications, quantum numbers, and their significance, Pauli's exclusion principle, Hund's rule, electronic configuration of many-electron atoms, Aufbau principle and its limitations

  • Chemical Periodicity: Classification of elements based on electronic configuration: general characteristics of s-, p-, d- and f-block elements; atomic and ionic radii, ionization potential, electron affinity, and electronegativity; periodic and group-wise variation of properties

  • Acids and bases: Different concepts of acids and bases, conjugate acids and bases, relative strengths, effects of substituent and solvent, differentiating and leveling solvents. Lewis acid-base concept, Lux-Flood concept, solvent system concept. Hard and soft acids and bases (HSAB concept), applications

  • Organic Chemistry: Electron displacement effects, inductive effect, mesomeric effect, hyperconjugation, reactive intermediates, stereochemistry, the concept of chirality and optical activity; asymmetric carbon atom; interconversion of Fischer and Newman representations; Isomerism in organic compounds; enantiomerism and diastereomerism, meso compounds; threo and erythro, D and L, cis and trans nomenclature; R/S (only one chiral carbon atom) and E/Z nomenclature. Nucleophilic Substitution and Elimination Reactions

Course Outcome (COs): Upon successful completion, students should be able to:

  • Know and understand the atomic theory, chemical periodicity, chemical bonding, acid-base, and stereochemistry in organic chemistry

Course Description of Semester II:

The course covers the basic physical principles that are the foundation of essentially all materials and biological chemistry. Topics include:

1. Students will gain knowledge of the basic concepts of chemical thermodynamics such as intensive and extensive variables; state and path functions; isolated, closed, and open systems; zeroth law of thermodynamics; the concept of heat, work, internal energy, and statement of first law; enthalpy, H; the relation between heat capacities, calculations of q, w, ΔU, and ΔH for reversible, irreversible and free expansion of gases

They will become familiar with Standard states of enthalpy, enthalpy of formation and combustion of molecules, Laws of thermochemistry, Kirchhoff’s equations, statement of the second law of thermodynamics; the concept of heat engines, Carnot cycle; the physical concept of Entropy, criteria for spontaneity and equilibrium

2. Students will learn chemical equilibrium that contains thermodynamic conditions for equilibrium, degree of advancement; variation of free energy with the degree of advancement; equilibrium constant and standard Gibbs free energy change; definitions of KP, KC, and KX and relation among them; van’t Hoff’s reaction isotherm, isobar and isochoric from different standard states; shifting of equilibrium due to change in external parameters e.g., temperature and pressure; variation of the equilibrium constant with addition to inert gas; Le Chatelier’s principle

3. Have developed an understanding of phase equilibrium. Phases, components, and degrees of freedom of a system, criteria of phase equilibrium; Gibbs Phase Rule; derivation of Clausius-Clapeyron equation and its importance in phase equilibria; Phase diagrams of one-component systems (water and CO2) are to be studied

4. Will discuss Ideal solutions and Raoult’s law, deviations from Raoult’s law-non-ideal solutions; Vapour pressure-composition and temperature-composition curves of ideal and non-ideal solutions; Distillation of solutions; Lever rule; Azeotropes, Nernst distribution law and its applications, solvent extraction

5. Solids: Forms of solids, crystal systems, unit cells, Bravais lattice types, Symmetry elements; Laws of Crystallography-Law of constancy of interfacial angles, Law of rational indices; Miller indices of different planes and inter-planar distance, Bragg’s law

6. Aliphatic Hydrocarbons: Functional group approach for the following reactions (preparations & reactions) to be studied in context to their structures

Alkanes: (up to 5 carbons). Preparation: catalytic hydrogenation, Wurtz reaction, Kolbe’s synthesis

Alkenes: (up to 5 carbons). Preparation: elimination reactions: dehydration of alcohols and dehydrohalogenation of alkyl halides; cis alkenes (partial catalytic hydrogenation) and trans alkenes (Birch reduction)

Reactions: addition of bromine, the addition of HX [Markownikoff’s (with mechanism) and anti-Markownikoff’s addition], hydration, ozonolysis

Alkynes: (up to 5 carbons). Preparation: acetylene from CaC2; by dehalogenation of tetra halides and dehydrohalogenation of vicinal di-halides

7. Error Analysis and Computer Applications:

Error analysis: accuracy and precision of quantitative analysis, determinate, indeterminate, systematic, and random errors; methods of least squares and standard deviations.

Computer applications: general introduction to computers, different components of a computer; hardware and software; input and output devices; binary numbers and arithmetic; introduction to computer languages

8. Redox reactions: Ion-electron method of balancing equation of redox reaction. The Nernst equation is the elementary idea on standard redox potentials with sign conventions. Influence of complex formation, precipitation, and pH change on redox potentials; formal potential—feasibility of a redox titration, redox potential at the equivalence point, redox indicators.


Course Outcome (COs): Upon successful completion, students should be able to:

  • State and apply thermodynamics laws, perform calculations with ideal and real gases; practical design engines using thermodynamic cycles; predict chemical equilibrium and spontaneous reactions using thermodynamic principles

  • To learn knowledge about liquid states

Course Description of Semester III:

This course provides the basic concept of chemical bonding in inorganic chemistry, electrochemistry, and an idea of the preparation of organometallic compounds. Topic includes:

1. The nature of the chemical bond: The ionic bond has been discussed in the light of lattice energy, dissolution energy, hydration energy, Born Haber cycle. The covalent bond has been addressed through both valence bond and molecular orbital approaches. Determination of molecular structure and structural distortions is done using the VSEPR method. The transition from ionic to covalent bonding is discussed, considering the bond polarity, molecular polarity, percent ionic character, and Fajan's rules. Averaging between different possible structures of a molecule is assumed through the concept of electronic resonance. The covalent bond is again treated under the molecular orbital approach through LCAO considerations. Thus, simple homonuclear diatomic and heteronuclear diatomic molecules are studied, and available bond-related indicators are evaluated

2. Comparative study of s- and p-block elements: General group trends in the light of electronic configuration, electronegativity, metallic or non-metallic character, common oxidation states, specific effects like diagonal relationship and inert pair effect, compound formation in respect of all the primary group of elements lying in these two blocks are discussed, and generalization of these attributes are attempted

3. 3d-series of transition elements: General group trends in the light of electronic configuration, variable valency, metallic character, colour, and magnetic properties, catalytic properties, complex-forming ability, common oxidation states in the first transition series are discussed

4. Coordination complexes: Werner's theory, formation, and systematic nomenclature of inner and outer orbital complexes of Cr, Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu, isomerism, and stereochemistry of complexes having coordination numbers 4 and 6

5. Electrochemistry: Classification of substances as strong electrolyte, weak electrolyte, or non-electrolyte based on the degree of dissociation in solution, Ostwald's dilution law, ionization constant, pH scale, hydrolysis of salts, buffer solutions, solubility, and solubility product principle, common ion effect, and its applications

6. Conductance: Specific conductance, equivalent conductance, and molar conductance vary with concentration or dilution. Kohlrausch's law of independent migration of ions, transference number of cations, and anions. Electrolysis is a tool for conducting non-spontaneous reactions and Faraday's laws governing it. Application of electrolysis in metallurgy and industry

7. Electromotive force: The relative trend of oxidation and reduction of ions in an aqueous solution or molten state is based on half-cell potential. Coupling of half-cells to have a functioning cell, the standard potential of cells, reaction equilibrium constant, and free energy. Variation of cell potential with the concentration-Nernst equation, reference electrodes. Electrochemical series and its application. Concentration cells, conductometric and potentiometric titrations

8. Functional group approach of organic chemistry: Aromatic hydrocarbons, synthesis, and manufacture. Major reactions. Aryl halides- preparation, properties. Nucleophilic aromatic substitution-elementary examples. Organometallic compounds-preparation, properties, and application of Grignard reagents


Course Outcome (COs): Upon successful completion, students should be able to:

  • Understand the development of chemical bonding

  • The basic concept of electrochemistry

  • Prepare the organometallic compounds

Course Description of Semester IV:

The course provides the synthesis of carbonyl compounds and their derivatives. It also has given the basic concept of quantum chemistry and spectroscopy. Topic includes:

1. Preparation and essential properties of alcohol, phenol, and ethers: This includes alcohols up to five carbon atoms. Preparation using Grignard reagent and reducing aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acid, and esters; Reactions with sodium and oxidation of alcohols. Preparation of phenol by cumene hydroperoxide method, from diazonium salts; discussions about acidic nature of phenols; Reactions including electrophilic substitution: nitration and halogenations; Reimer-Tiemann reaction, Schotten-Baumann reaction, Fries rearrangement, and Claisen rearrangement

2. For carbonyl compounds like formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, and benzaldehyde, preparation from acid chlorides, nitriles, and Grignard reagents are to be studied. Reactions with HCN, NaHSO3, NH2-G derivatives, Tollens’ and Fehling’s reagents, iodoform test; aldol condensation, Cannizzaro reaction, Wittig reaction, benzoin condensation; Clemmensen reduction, Wolff-Kishner reduction are to be discussed

3. Students will learn to compare the strength of organic acids. Preparation of carboxylic acids through acidic and alkaline hydrolysis of esters and Grignard reagents. Preparation of acid chlorides, anhydrides, esters, and amides from acids to be studied; interconversion among acid derivatives, Claisen condensation, and Perkin reaction will be studied

4. Study of aliphatic and aromatic amines for their basic strength, preparation, and critical reactions. Important reactions of diazonium salts and nitro compounds will also be studied

5. Preparations of glycine and alanine by Strecker synthesis, Gabriel’s phthalimide synthesis will be studied; General properties with particular emphasis on zwitterion, an isoelectric point will be discussed; Structure of glucose and fructose, osazone formation; oxidation-reduction reactions; ascending (Kiliani-Fischer method) and descending (Ruff’s method), and mutarotation

6. Crystal field theory is to be studied to know about Crystal field stabilization energy (CFSE), Crystal field effects for weak and strong fields; factors affecting the magnitude of the D and Spectrochemical series; comparison of CFSE for Oh and Td complexes; Tetragonal distortion of octahedral geometry and Jahn-Teller distortion

7. Quantum chemistry and spectroscopy: some basic concepts like wave-particle duality. Electromagnetic radiation and its interaction with matter, types of spectroscopy, and the difference between atomic and molecular spectra-postulates of quantum mechanics, quantum mechanical operators

8. Particle in a 1-D box quantization, normalization of wave functions, the zero-point energy is to be studied, regarding rotational Motion, Schrödinger equation of a rigid rotator, and quantization of rotational energy levels; Microwave spectra of diatomic molecules, Selection rules, and structural information derived from rotational spectroscopy; Schrödinger's equation of a linear harmonic oscillator and discussion of its results; Quantization of vibrational energy levels and selection rules; IR spectra of diatomic molecules


Course Outcome (COs): The students would be able to:

  • Synthesize the alcohols, ethers, phenols, carbonyl compound and their derivatives, carboxylic compounds, a diazo compound

  • Learn the CFSE

  • Learn quantum chemistry and spectroscopy

Course Description of Semester V (DSE-A2):

Silicate Industries:

Glass: Glassy state and its properties, classification (silicate and non-silicate glasses). Manufacture and processing of glass. Composition and properties of the following types of glasses: Soda-lime glass, lead glass, armored glass, safety glass, borosilicate glass, fluorosilicate, coloured glass, photosensitive glass

Ceramics: Important clays and feldspar, ceramic, their types, and manufacture. High technology ceramics, superconducting and semiconducting oxides, fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and carbon fiber

Cement: Classification of cement, ingredients and their role, cement manufacture and the setting process, quick-setting cement

Fertilizers:

Different types of fertilizers. Manufacture of the following fertilizers: Urea, ammonium nitrate, calcium ammonium nitrate, ammonium phosphates; polyphosphate, superphosphate, compound and mixed fertilizers, potassium chloride, potassium sulfate

Surface Coatings:

Objectives of coatings surfaces, preliminary treatment of the surface, classification of surface coatings. Paints and pigments-formulation, composition, and related properties. Oil paint, Vehicle, modified oils, Pigments, toners, lakes pigments, Fillers, Thinners, Enamels, emulsifying agents. Special paints (Heat retardant, Fire retardant, Eco-friendly paint, Plastic paint), Dyes, Wax polishing, Water and Oil paints, additives, Metallic coatings (electrolytic and electroless), metal spraying, and anodizing.

Batteries:

Primary and secondary batteries, battery components and their role, Characteristics of Battery. Working of following batteries: Pb acid, Li-Battery, Solid-state electrolyte battery. Fuel cells, Solar cells, and polymer cells

Alloys:

Classification of alloys, ferrous and non-ferrous alloys, Specific properties of elements in alloys. Manufacture of Steel (removal of silicon decarbonization, demanganization, desulphurization dephosphorisation) and surface treatment. Composition and properties of different types of steel

Catalysis:

General principles and properties of catalysts, homogenous catalysis (catalytic steps and examples) and heterogeneous catalysis (catalytic steps) and their industrial applications, Deactivation or regeneration of catalysts. Phase transfer catalysts, application of zeolites as catalysts

Chemical explosives:

Origin of explosive properties in organic compounds, preparation, and volatile properties of lead azide, PETN, cyclonite (RDX). Introduction to rocket propellants.


Course Outcome (COs): The students would be able to:

  • Apply their knowledge to the chemical industry and make ceramics, catalysts, batteries, etc., using the studied reactions.

  • Relationships between chemistry and other disciplines are noted

Course Description of Semester V (SEC2):

Carbohydrates: Biological importance of carbohydrates, Metabolism, Cellular currency of energy (ATP), Glycolysis, Alcoholic and Lactic acid fermentation, Krebs cycle; Isolation and characterization of polysaccharides

Proteins: Classification, biological importance; Primary and secondary and tertiary structures of proteins: α-helix and β- pleated sheets, Isolation, characterization, denaturation of proteins

Enzymes: Nomenclature, Characteristics (mention of Ribozymes), and Classification; Active site, mechanism of enzyme action, Stereo specificity of enzymes, Coenzymes and cofactors, Enzyme inhibitors, Introduction to Bio-catalysis: Importance of “Green Chemistry” in Chemical Industry

Lipids: Classification. Biological importance of triglycerides and phosphoglycerides and cholesterol; Lipid membrane, Liposomes, and their biological functions and underlying applications

Lipoproteins: Properties, functions, and biochemical functions of steroid hormones; Biochemistry of peptide hormones. Structure of DNA and RNA, Genetic Code, Biological roles of DNA and RNA: Replication, Transcription and Translation, Introduction to Gene therapy

Biochemistry of disease: A diagnostic approach by blood/ urine analysis

Blood: Composition and functions of blood, blood coagulation; Blood collection and preservation of samples, Anaemia, Regulation, estimation, and interpretation of data for blood sugar, urea, creatinine, cholesterol, and bilirubin

Urine: Collection and preservation of samples. Formation of urine. Composition and estimation of constituents of normal and pathological urine

Course Outcome (COs): The students would be able to:

  • knowledge and skill base that would enable them to undertake further studies in biochemistry and related areas or in multidisciplinary areas that involve biochemistry

  • help develop a range of generic skills that are relevant to self-employment and entrepreneurship

Course Description of Semester VI (DSE-B2):

Instrumental techniques like absorption spectroscopy, flame emission, atomic absorption, solvent extraction, and chromatography will be studied. This course forms the basis for advanced studies in instrumental analysis and chromatography studies. The course covered the following topics:

Optical methods of analysis:

Origin of spectra, the interaction of radiation with matter, fundamental laws of spectroscopy and selection rules, the validity of Beer-Lambert’s law

1. UV-Visible Spectrometry: Basic principles of instrumentation (choice of source, monochromator, and detector) for single and double beam instruments

2. Basic principles of quantitative analysis: estimation of metal ions from aqueous solution, geometrical isomers, keto-enol tautomer. Determination of the composition of metal complexes using Job’s method of continuous variation and mole ratio method

3. Infrared Spectrometry: Basic instrumentation principles (choice of source, monochromator & detector) for single and double beam instrument; sampling techniques. Structural illustration through interpretation of data and importance of isotope substitution

4. Flame Atomic Absorption and Emission Spectrometry: Basic instrumentation principles (choice of source, monochromator, and detector, choice of flame, and Burner designs. Techniques of atomization and sample introduction; background correction method, sources of chemical interferences, and removal method. Plans for quantitatively estimating trace levels of metal ions from water samples

Thermal methods of analysis:

  • Theory of thermogravimetry (TG)

  • the basic principle of instrumentation

  • Techniques for quantitative estimation of Ca and Mg from their mixture

Electroanalytical methods:

  • Classification of electroanalytical methods, the basic principle of pH metric, potentiometric and conductometric titrations; Techniques used for the determination of equivalence points; Techniques used for the determination of pKa values

Separation techniques:

  • Solvent extraction: Classification, principle, and efficiency of the technique

  • Mechanism of extraction: extraction by solvation and chelation. The technique of extraction: batch, continuous, and counter-current extractions

  • Qualitative and quantitative aspects of solvent extraction: extraction of metal ions from aqueous solution, extraction of organic species from the aqueous and non-aqueous media

  • Chromatography: Classification, principle, and efficiency of the technique

  • Mechanism of separation: adsorption, partition & ion exchange

  • Development of chromatograms: frontal, elution, and displacement methods

  • Qualitative and quantitative aspects of chromatographic analysis methods: IC, GLC, GPC, TLC, and HPLC

  • Stereoisomeric separation and analysis: Measurement of optical rotation, calculation of Enantiomeric excess (ee)/diastereomeric excess (de) ratios, and determination of enantiomeric composition using NMR, Chiral solvents, and chiral shift reagents. Chiral chromatographic techniques using chiral columns (GC and HPLC)

  • Role of computers in instrumental methods of analysis

Course Outcome (COs): After examination, the student should be able to:

  • Explain the principles of selected instrumental methods within electroanalytical and spectrometric/spectrophotometric methods, and principal components in such analytical instruments

  • Explain the theoretical principles and essential applications of analytical methods (acid/base titration, complexometric titration, redox titration) and various techniques, e.g., gravimetric and coulometric methods

  • Explain the theoretical principles of various separation techniques in chromatography, and typical applications of chromatographic techniques

Course Description of Semester VI (SEC-B2):

General introduction to pesticides (natural and synthetic), benefits and adverse effects, changing concepts of pesticides, structure-activity relationship, synthesis, and technical manufacture and uses of representative pesticides in the following classes: Organochlorines (DDT, Gammexene); Organophosphates (Malathion, Parathion); Carbamates (Carbofuran and carbaryl); Quinones ( Chloranil), Anilides (Alachlor and Butachlor)

Course Outcome (COs): Aim of this course is to:

  • enhance the skill of students in the chemistry of pesticides

  • learn benefits and adverse effects of pesticides and the structure-activity relationship between them

  • Synthesis and use of some representative pesticides like organochlorines, organophosphates, carbamates, quinones, and anilides