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The treatment of burns depends on the location and severity of the damage. Sunburns and small scalds can usually be treated at home. Deep or widespread burns need immediate medical attention. Some people need treatment at specialized burn centers and monthslong follow-up care.

VA understands that many Veterans are especially concerned about exposure to the smoke and fumes generated by open burn pits.

In Iraq, Afghanistan, and other areas of the Southwest Asia theater of military operations, open-air combustion of trash and other waste in burn pits was a common practice. The Department of Defense has now closed out most burn pits and is planning to close the remainder.

Depending on a variety of factors, you may experience health effects related to this exposure. Factors that may indicate you have a greater or lesser risk of short or long-term health effects include:

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Ongoing research will help us better understand potential long-term health effects and provide you with better care and services.

Exposure to smoke created by burning these materials may cause irritation and burning of eyes or throat, coughing, breathing difficulties, skin itching or rashes. Many of these conditions are temporary and resolve on their own when the exposure ends. However, if you were closer to burn pit smoke or were exposed for longer periods of time, you may be at greater risk for longer-term health conditions.

Open air pits used to burn several waste products, including, but not limited to: chemicals, paint, medical and human waste, metal/aluminum cans, munitions, petroleum and lubricant products, plastics and Styrofoam, rubber, wood, and food waste.

Toxicants in burn pit smoke may affect the skin, eyes, respiratory and cardiovascular systems, gastrointestinal tract and internal organs. Acute effects include eye irritation and burning, coughing and throat irritation, breathing difficulties, and skin itching and rashes.

Veterans who were closer to burn pit smoke or exposed for longer periods may be at greater risk for more serious effects, including some cancers. Health effects depend on a number of other factors, such as the kind of waste being burned and wind direction.

A 1____ is an injury to skin, or other tissues, caused by heat, cold, electricity, chemicals, friction, or ultraviolet radiation (like sunburn).[5] Most burns are due to heat from hot liquids (called scalding), solids, or fire.[9] Burns occur mainly in the home or the workplace. In the home, risks are associated with domestic kitchens, including stoves, flames, and hot liquids.[6] In the workplace, risks are associated with fire and chemical and electric burns.[6] Alcoholism and smoking are other risk factors.[6] Burns can also occur as a result of self-harm or violence between people (assault).[6]

Burns that affect only the superficial skin layers are known as superficial or first-degree burns.[2][10] They appear red without blisters and pain typically lasts around three days.[2][10] When the injury extends into some of the underlying skin layer, it is a partial-thickness or second-degree burn.[2] Blisters are frequently present and they are often very painful.[2] Healing can require up to eight weeks and scarring may occur.[2] In a full-thickness or third-degree burn, the injury extends to all layers of the skin.[2] Often there is no pain and the burnt area is stiff.[2] Healing typically does not occur on its own.[2] A fourth-degree burn additionally involves injury to deeper tissues, such as muscle, tendons, or bone.[2] The burn is often black and frequently leads to loss of the burned part.[2][11]

Burns are generally preventable.[6] Treatment depends on the severity of the burn.[2] Superficial burns may be managed with little more than simple pain medication, while major burns may require prolonged treatment in specialized burn centers.[2] Cooling with tap water may help pain and decrease damage; however, prolonged cooling may result in low body temperature.[2][10] Partial-thickness burns may require cleaning with soap and water, followed by dressings.[2] It is not clear how to manage blisters, but it is probably reasonable to leave them intact if small and drain them if large.[2] Full-thickness burns usually require surgical treatments, such as skin grafting.[2] Extensive burns often require large amounts of intravenous fluid, due to capillary fluid leakage and tissue swelling.[10] The most common complications of burns involve infection.[4] Tetanus toxoid should be given if not up to date.[2]

In 2015, fire and heat resulted in 67 million injuries.[7] This resulted in about 2.9 million hospitalizations and 176,000 deaths.[8][12] Among women in much of the world, burns are most commonly related to the use of open cooking fires or unsafe cook stoves.[6] Among men, they are more likely a result of unsafe workplace conditions.[6] Most deaths due to burns occur in the developing world, particularly in Southeast Asia.[6] While large burns can be fatal, treatments developed since 1960 have improved outcomes, especially in children and young adults.[13] In the United States, approximately 96% of those admitted to a burn center survive their injuries.[14] The long-term outcome is related to the size of burn and the age of the person affected.[2]

The characteristics of a burn depend upon its depth. Superficial burns cause pain lasting two or three days, followed by peeling of the skin over the next few days.[10][15] Individuals with more severe burns may indicate discomfort or complain of feeling pressure rather than pain. Full-thickness burns may be entirely insensitive to light touch or puncture.[15] While superficial burns are typically red in color, severe burns may be pink, white or black.[15] Burns around the mouth or singed hair inside the nose may indicate that burns to the airways have occurred, but these findings are not definitive.[16] More worrisome signs include: shortness of breath, hoarseness, and stridor or wheezing.[16] Itchiness is common during the healing process, occurring in up to 90% of adults and nearly all children.[17] Numbness or tingling may persist for a prolonged period of time after an electrical injury.[18] Burns may also produce emotional and psychological distress.[19]

Burn injuries occur more commonly among the poor.[19] Smoking and alcoholism are other risk factors.[9] Fire-related burns are generally more common in colder climates.[19] Specific risk factors in the developing world include cooking with open fires or on the floor[5] as well as developmental disabilities in children and chronic diseases in adults.[23]

Chemical burns can be caused by over 25,000 substances,[2] most of which are either a strong base (55%) or a strong acid (26%).[30] Most chemical burn deaths are secondary to ingestion.[2] Common agents include: sulfuric acid as found in toilet cleaners, sodium hypochlorite as found in bleach, and halogenated hydrocarbons as found in paint remover, among others.[2] Hydrofluoric acid can cause particularly deep burns that may not become symptomatic until some time after exposure.[31] Formic acid may cause the breakdown of significant numbers of red blood cells.[16]

Electrical burns or injuries are classified as high voltage (greater than or equal to 1000 volts), low voltage (less than 1000 volts), or as flash burns secondary to an electric arc.[2] The most common causes of electrical burns in children are electrical cords (60%) followed by electrical outlets (14%).[4][32] Lightning may also result in electrical burns.[33] Risk factors for being struck include involvement in outdoor activities such as mountain climbing, golf and field sports, and working outside.[18] Mortality from a lightning strike is about 10%.[18]

While electrical injuries primarily result in burns, they may also cause fractures or dislocations secondary to blunt force trauma or muscle contractions.[18] In high voltage injuries, most damage may occur internally and thus the extent of the injury cannot be judged by examination of the skin alone.[18] Contact with either low voltage or high voltage may produce cardiac arrhythmias or cardiac arrest.[18]

Radiation burns may be caused by protracted exposure to ultraviolet light (such as from the sun, tanning booths or arc welding) or from ionizing radiation (such as from radiation therapy, X-rays or radioactive fallout).[34] Sun exposure is the most common cause of radiation burns and the most common cause of superficial burns overall.[35] There is significant variation in how easily people sunburn based on their skin type.[36] Skin effects from ionizing radiation depend on the amount of exposure to the area, with hair loss seen after 3 Gy, redness seen after 10 Gy, wet skin peeling after 20 Gy, and necrosis after 30 Gy.[37] Redness, if it occurs, may not appear until some time after exposure.[37] Radiation burns are treated the same as other burns.[37] Microwave burns occur via thermal heating caused by the microwaves.[38] While exposures as short as two seconds may cause injury, overall this is an uncommon occurrence.[38]

Bride burning, a form of domestic violence, occurs in some cultures, such as India where women have been burned in revenge for what the husband or his family consider an inadequate dowry.[42][43] In Pakistan, acid burns represent 13% of intentional burns, and are frequently related to domestic violence.[41] Self-immolation (setting oneself on fire) is also used as a form of protest in various parts of the world.[19]

At temperatures greater than 44 C (111 F), proteins begin losing their three-dimensional shape and start breaking down.[44] This results in cell and tissue damage.[2] Many of the direct health effects of a burn are caused by failure of the skin to perform its normal functions, which include: protection from bacteria, skin sensation, body temperature regulation, and prevention of evaporation of the body's water. Disruption of these functions can lead to infection, loss of skin sensation, hypothermia, and hypovolemic shock via dehydration (i.e. water in the body evaporated away).[2] Disruption of cell membranes causes cells to lose potassium to the spaces outside the cell and to take up water and sodium.[2] 5376163bf9

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