But how can we understand the effect that these events had on real people? Academic research must rely on primary resources, such as magazines, newspapers, and pamphlets. Many of these items are found in the vast collections of the Library of Congress.

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Interestingly, when the survival of quarterlies and yearly journals is becoming increasingly difficult, Mubeen Mirza decided to turn his bi-annual Mukalma into a monthly. And he has been running it successfully. In fact, it is one of the most popular literary magazines today.

Three years ago, when I decided to look for old Urdu film magazines to trace memoirs that I intended to translate into English, I had no clue what lay in store. Having seen them all through childhood, I was perplexed that no one seemed to know about them any more.

Yusuf Dehlvi launched Shama in 1939 and the monthly went on to rule the roost for the next six decades. Urdu film magazines had developed a unique structure that combined film and literary writing and this format reached the zenith of popularity with Shama .

The last major Urdu film periodical was Gulfaam , owned and edited by Sultan Akhtar. Making its first appearance in 1981, it was soon to earn the patronage of Dilip Kumar and would subsequently carry pieces written by the star and also exclusive interviews with him. Video arrived and swept the film-crazy nation off its feet. It was a steady decline for the magazines from that point onwards, as readership kept shrinking.

Urdu film magazines that have survived are fragile, brittle, and prone to disintegrating as they were often printed on low-quality paper or newsprint. Some magazine issues were bound together by their previous owners and have suffered significant damage through careless binding and trimming in some cases. Their lithographed text is also prone to fading and it will soon be difficult to recover if not digitised and preserved.

The earliest women Urdu magazines were started by men; later on, women joined the field not only as contributors but also as editors and publishers. The Urdu journals of women became the part of socio religious reform movements witnessed by the Muslim societies. Urdu journals actively those edited and managed by women not only challenged the patriarchal notions of the society but also became the agents of shaping the consciousness of Muslim women. Print culture played a major role in transforming the lives of women. It provided a space to the women which were previously unavailable to them. Using this space, Muslim middle class Urdu speaking women were able to voice their ideas and opinions, and exchanged them with other women and men. Participation of women in the writing world was an important change to undermine the authority of those who interpreted the things for women.Journals became increasingly numerous in the early twentieth century and proved to be the best way to convey ideas to women behind veils and encourage them to express their views. They created awareness among women by addressing myriad issues related to educational, literary, social and day to day issues.

Started in 1968, Shugoofa has remained a stable home for all things funny. Deriving its name from the idiom "shagoofe chhodna" (to say something new and funny), it was founded by academic, Dr Syed Mustafa Kamal. It is one of the few magazines in the country (in any language) devoted entirely to humour.

The 64-page magazine brings out 11 issues, plus one special commemorative issue every year. Initially, it was published once every 45 days, but became a monthly in 1973. One of the few magazines which has withstood the changing tastes of generations, Shugoofa has brought out more than 500 issues and around 75 special issues that honoured individual writers, or were themed on different topics. It has a dedicated overseas editor and though small, its loyal following includes readers in the Indo-Pak subcontinent, the Gulf, United States, Canada and United Kingdom. 2351a5e196

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