Urban Vpn Proxy

Nighttime light (NTL) imagery provides valuable information for monitoring urban development, human activity, and, consequently, urban thermal environments. However, only a few studies have attempted to directly draw linkages between NTL and urban heat island (UHI) formation. Establishing associations between NTL and UHI indicators could potentially ease the process of identifying heightened thermal environments and thus pinpointing urban hotspots in need of policy interventions and strategic mitigation measures. In the present study, through clustering and correlation analysis, we study ties between NTL, surface urban heat island intensity (SUHII) and atmospheric urban heat island intensity (AUHII) in Seoul. NTL data was derived from the Suomi National Polar-Orbiting Partnership-Visible and Infrared imager/Radiometer Suite (SNPP-VIIRS), while SUHII data was obtained from the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite instrument. Additionally, AUHII was computed from archived weather data collected from multiple automatic weather stations (AWSs) in Seoul. Our results show that NTL is highly positively correlated with SUHII (R > 0.86, p < 0.05) and AUHII (R > 0.68, p < 0.05). The findings highlight the potential usage of NTL as a proxy for UHI formation, simplifying the process of identifying heightened thermal areas in Seoul that may require rapid policy intervention.

The objectives of our study were to (1) design and implement a sanitary survey that systematically quantified the sanitary conditions at compounds enrolled in a sanitation trial in low-income urban communities of Maputo, Mozambique; (2) evaluate whether and how the sanitary survey were associated with localized fecal hazards, as indicated by E. coli occurrence in soil and on surfaces from study compounds; and (3) identify other key variables associated with E. coli counts in courtyard soils and on surfaces in this setting. Results of this study could inform future sanitary survey validation in other settings.

Urban Vpn Proxy

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Our goal was to assess the potential for an association between a policy-relevant metric in use by the World Bank and by cities in Rwanda, Zambia and Mozambique with measures of fecal contamination [37]. Our results suggest that sanitary surveys may serve as useful proxies for localized environmental fecal contamination; the LSSI encompassed relevant sanitary hazards that impacted the spread of human fecal contamination into the environment, thus an association with measures of E. coli in soil was anticipated. However, the LSSI should be improved upon to attempt to produce a proxy for fecal contamination that associates with log-level reductions in environmental fecal contamination of public health significance. The association between the access to infrastructure indicator and measures of E. coli in soil was greater than association with the complete LSSI. While important for hygiene, the presence of soap and water for handwashing likely had little impact on the spread of fecal contamination into compound soil. Most households in Maputo reported never having emptied their on-site sanitation system [30]; emptying frequency is dependent on the type of on-site sanitation system and the depth of the water table such that sanitation facilities in Maputo take on average one to five years to fill up [30]. How compounds intended to empty their on-site sanitation system may not be temporally relevant to a cross-sectional sanitary survey. Future iterations of the LSSI may improve their utility by only including variables with a biologically plausible pathway to contribute to localized fecal contamination. In lieu of expert weights which may be subjective, these pathways could be weighted based on the volume, frequency, and likelihood for fecal contaminations to spread into the environment.

We test the use of magnetic measurements of evergreen needles as a proxy for particulate matter pollution in Salt Lake City, Utah. Measurements of saturation isothermal remanent magnetization indicate needle magnetization increases with increased air pollution. Needle magnetization shows a high degree of spatial variability with the largest increases in magnetization near roadways. Results from our magnetic measurements are corroborated by scanning electron microscopy of needle surfaces and by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry of metal concentrations in residues collected from sampled needles. Low-temperature magnetic analysis suggests the presence of small (

Abstract:Rapid increase in population and growing concentration of capital in urban areas has escalated both the severity and longer-term impact of natural disasters. As a result, Disaster Risk Management (DRM) and reduction have been gaining increasing importance for urban areas. Remote sensing plays a key role in providing information for urban DRM analysis due to its agile data acquisition, synoptic perspective, growing range of data types, and instrument sophistication, as well as low cost. As a consequence numerous methods have been developed to extract information for various phases of DRM analysis. However, given the diverse information needs, only few of the parameters of interest are extracted directly, while the majority have to be elicited indirectly using proxies. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the proxies developed for two risk elements typically associated with pre-disaster situations (vulnerability and resilience), and two post-disaster elements (damage and recovery), while focusing on urban DRM. The proxies were reviewed in the context of four main environments and their corresponding sub-categories: built-up (buildings, transport, and others), economic (macro, regional and urban economics, and logistics), social (services and infrastructures, and socio-economic status), and natural. All environments and the corresponding proxies are discussed and analyzed in terms of their reliability and sufficiency in comprehensively addressing the selected DRM assessments. We highlight strength and identify gaps and limitations in current proxies, including inconsistencies in terminology for indirect measurements. We present a systematic overview for each group of the reviewed proxies that could simplify cross-fertilization across different DRM domains and may assist the further development of methods. While systemizing examples from the wider remote sensing domain and insights from social and economic sciences, we suggest a direction for developing new proxies, also potentially suitable for capturing functional recovery.Keywords: urban DRM; remote sensing; damage; recovery; vulnerability; resilience; economic; social; proxy; indirect measurement

We introduce an index of urban amenities based on hotel night stays that can rank most U.S. metros in levels and changes for the years 1990 through 2015. This naive index can be used on its own to study changes in total amenity level or with other measures to reduce omitted variable bias. Researchers can also use the index to create panel datasets from more sophisticated cross-sectional indexes. Empirical testing shows the bundle of amenities associated with hotel stays has substantial effects on variation in housing prices across cities and time, validating our proxy variable approach to measuring urban amenity levels. Testing for an association with wages is inconclusive.

At its heart, the conflict between Bab el-Tebbeneh and Jabal Mohsen was a proxy conflict framed as confessional competition at both the local and national level. Without accountability within these political factions, a true reconciliation between those who fought and suffered in Tripoli seems outside the realm of possibility. However, tension between Bab el-Tebbeneh and Jabal Mohsen alone, even if significant, would not be sufficient to reignite armed conflict. For the time being, it seems to be in the best interests of not only local actors, but also national and regional actors to keep Lebanon stable in the face of ongoing instability in Syria, and the fragility of the national Lebanese political arena. Only time will tell.

From the past day, I'm getting this new error asking to enter some username and password for the proxy when I'm trying to use a VPN extension inside chrome (Zenmate VPN, SetupVPN) and even do a small google search.

My issue is that if I miss company-proxy prompt like this by e.g. dismissing it my mistake - I need to restart my PC (ubuntu) in order to trigger this dialog and be able to access the site.Anyone knows how to actually (re-)trigger this dialog?

Empirical studies investigating urban sprawl and the determinants of city size with the Mills-Muth framework have struggled to find a reliable and ubiquitous proxy for the theoretical commuting costs variable. This study is the first to apply the Davidson-McKinnon non-nested specification test to address the long-standing issue in the literature of determining the best proxy measure for commuting costs. We employ this specification test to evaluate the three most widely available commuting costs measures from the literature: vehicle availability, public transit usage, and commuting speed. For a sample of all urbanized areas in 2000 and 2010, our results provide a degree of resolution. While we find for a pooled sample of all urbanized areas that commuting speed is the preferred proxy, subsample analysis reveals the prior result may be driven by larger urbanized areas spanning more than one county; commuting speed dominates the other proxies for these larger cities. Conversely, the sizes of single-county urbanized areas are explained by vehicle availability and transit usage, though neither of those proxy measures emerge as dominant, suggesting some unspecified measure may be better for these smaller cities.

If you are starting from the UW Libraries website, simply click on the resource you want and you should be prompted for your UW NetID when it is needed. If you routinely access resources away from the libraries website you might want to install the proxy bookmarklet. 006ab0faaa