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TOPIC: ONCOLOGY NURSING
(Care of Client with Problems in Nutrition - NCM116)
ONCOLOGY
ONCOLOGY
- is a branch of medicine that specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. It takes its name from the Greek word “oncos,” which means swelling and refers to the way Greek physicians described how tumors grew.
Common Terminologies
Common Terminologies
Oncogene – cancer genes that alter normal genes
Proto oncogenes – repressed oncogene that can activated by etiologic and risk factors
Anaplasia – no resemblance to tissues of origin
Metaplasia – replacement of the original cell with another type of cell
Carcinoma – cancer cell composed of epithelial cells that can spread
Neoplasm – growth of new tissue
Tumor – same with neoplasm
Dysplasia – alteration in the size, shape and organization of differentiated cells
Hyperplasia – an increase in the number of normal cells
Classification of Cancer
Classification of Cancer
Squamous cell carcinoma – surface epithelial
Adenosarcoma – glandular epithelial
Fibrosarcoma – fibrous connective tissue
Liposarcoma – adipose tissue
Chondrosarcoma – cartilage
Osteosarcoma – bone
Hemangiosarcoma – blood vessels
Lymphangiosarcoma – lymph vessels
Leiomyosarcoma – smooth muscles
Rhabdomyosarcoma – striated muscles
Glioma – glial cells
Neurolemic sarcoma – nerve sheath
Leukemia – blood
Classification of Benign
● Glandular tissue – adenoma
● Bone – osteotoma
● Nerve cells – neuroma
● Fibrous tissue - fibroma
CANCER
- Synonymous to death and pain
- Chronic disease that has acute exacerbation
- Not a single disease with single cause
- Common in men
- Leading cancer is lung cancer
- Male: prostate
- Female: breast
- TSE – monthly following shower
- Digital Rectal Exam – annually for 40y/o and above
- Sigmoidoscopy – for 50 y/o and above annually for 2 years then every 3 years if negative
- Fecal Occult Blood – doctor’s recommendation
- BSE – every month after menstruation
- Breast Clinical Exam – done by physician (every 3 years for 20-40 y/o then yearly for over 40 y/o)
- Mammography – once for 35-40 y/o, then yearly for over 50 y/o
- Pap smear – age 18 and all sexually active women then yearly after 3 negative results
- Pelvic Exam – same with pap smear
- Endometrial tissue sampling – menopause
Etiology
● Exact cause is still unknown
● Viruses – cancer of the liver, burkitt’s lymphoma
● Chemical Agents – tar, asphalt, arsenicals, fuels, oil
● Drugs – chemodrugs
● Physical Agents – radiation
Predisposing Factors
● Age – (60% of cancer clients are over 65 y/o)
● Sex – Breast cancer for females and Prostate CA for males
● Geographic location – cancer of the stomach (Japan)
● Occupation – factory workers (lung cancer)
● Hereditary – breast, ovaries and colon
● Diet – cured and salted foods (stomach)
● Stress – decreased immune system
● Precancerous lesions – moles, polyps (colon and stomach)
Factors that lead to Cancer
Smoking
Smoking
– lung cancer
Sunlight (10am to 2pm)
Sunlight (10am to 2pm)
– basal/squamous cell (skin cancer)
Ionizing Radiation
Ionizing Radiation
– medical and dental xrays
Nutrition and diet
Nutrition and diet
- (high fats and low fiber diet)
Alcohol
Alcohol
– liver, oral and esophagus cancer
Chewing of tobacco
Chewing of tobacco
(mouth, larynx and throat)
7 Warning Signals (CAUTION US)
7 Warning Signals (CAUTION US)
C hange in bowel and bladder habits
C hange in bowel and bladder habits
A sore that does not heal
U nusual bleeding or discharge
T hickening or lump in breast or elsewhere
I ndigestion or difficulty in swallowing
O bvious change in wart or mole
N agging cough or hoarseness of the voice
U nexplained anemia
S udden weight loss
REFERENCES/SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIALS
REFERENCES/SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIALS
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