Turkish Radio Online EXCLUSIVE

The Turkish Radio and Television Corporation (TRT; Turkish: Trkiye Radyo ve Televizyon Kurumu) is the national public broadcaster of Turkey, founded in 1964. TRT was for many years the only television and radio provider in Turkey. Before the introduction of commercial radio in 1990, and subsequently commercial television in 1992, it held a monopoly on broadcasting. More recent deregulation of the Turkish television broadcasting market produced analogue cable television. Today, TRT broadcasts around the world, especially in Europe, Middle East, Africa, Asia, USA, and Australia.

Around 70% of TRT's funding comes from a license tax on television and radio receivers. Additionally, 2% TRT share was added to the electricity bills until January 2022. As these are hypothecated taxes, as opposed to the money allocated to general government funds, the principle is similar to that of the television licence levied in a number of other countries, such as the BBC in the United Kingdom. The rest of TRT's funding comes from government grants (around 20%), with the final 10% coming from advertising.[1]

Turkish Radio Online

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TRT's predecessor, Trkiye Radyolar was one of 23 founding broadcasting organisations of the European Broadcasting Union in 1950; it would return to the EBU fold as TRT in 1972. The original company started radio test broadcasts in 1926, with a studio built in Istanbul in 1927 and a studio in Ankara following in 1928.

Test transmissions started on TRT 1 on 31 January 1968. A full national television schedule, which at that time linked the areas in and around Ankara, Istanbul, and zmir, started in December 1971.[2] TRT renewed its membership in the European Broadcasting Union (having been a founding member previously offering only radio) starting on 26 August 1972, with Turkey's first Eurovision Network event, a football match (Turkey vs. Italy), airing across Europe on 13 January 1973.[2] TRT also joined the Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union in 1976, the same year their first colour television test was showcased via laboratory at the general assembly of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference.[2]

(Aug. 20, 2019) The government of Turkey published a regulation in the Official Gazette on July 1, 2019, which provides for a new framework for the licensing of radio and audiovisual transmissions made on the internet. The new regulation, the Regulation on the Transmission of Radio, Television, and On-Demand Services on the Internet, was prepared on the basis of article 29/A of the Law on the Establishment and Broadcasting Services of Radios and Televisions (Law No. 6112), which was added to the Law by an amendment on March 21, 2018.

The Regulation requires media service providers and internet transmission platform operators that wish to provide radio or audiovisual services on the internet to obtain a license or authorization from the Radio and Television Supreme Council (RTSC) according to the type of service they provide.

Licenses cost 10,000 Turkish lira (TRY) (about US$1,785) for internet radio transmission, TRY100,000 for internet television broadcasting, and TRY100,000 for on-demand services. Licenses are valid for 10 years. Media service providers that provide users with services for a fee and/or offer conditional access implemented by technical measures that require subscriptions or other types of preauthorization are required to make a yearly payment equal to 0.5% of their annual net sales to retain their licenses (art. 12).

Cantekin, Kayahan. Turkey: New Regulation Requires Media and Platform Service Providers to Obtain Licenses for Offering Radio and Audiovisual Services on the Internet. 2019. Web Page. -legal-monitor/2019-08-20/turkey-new-regulation-requires-media-and-platform-service-providers-to-obtain-licenses-for-offering-radio-and-audiovisual-services-on-the-internet/.

Cantekin, K. (2019) Turkey: New Regulation Requires Media and Platform Service Providers to Obtain Licenses for Offering Radio and Audiovisual Services on the Internet. [Web Page] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, -legal-monitor/2019-08-20/turkey-new-regulation-requires-media-and-platform-service-providers-to-obtain-licenses-for-offering-radio-and-audiovisual-services-on-the-internet/.

The February licensing decision was based on a regulation that had gone into effect in August 2019. At that time, several media freedom advocates raised concerns about possible censorship because the regulation granted RTUK the authority to control all online content.

Under the regulation, RTUK is authorized to request broadcast licenses from "media service providers" so that their radio, TV broadcasting and on-demand audiovisual media services can continue their online presence.

"We had outlined in an extensive correspondence and even in a personal conversation with the chairman of the media control authority why DW could not apply for such a license. For example, media licensed in Turkey are required to delete online content that RTUK interprets as inappropriate," Limbourg said in statement published by DW. "This is simply unacceptable for an independent broadcaster."

Spectrum Management Regulation determines the procedures and principles of management, allocation, assignment, national and international coordination, and registration of radio frequencies assigned. Regulation provides that ICTA shall give regard to spectrum assignment and provide effective competition, ensuring the transparent transactions and elimination of discrimination.

The process of permitting the use of the radio spectrum in Turkey begins with the allocation procedures made to ICTA. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Turkish Armed Forces, Undersecretariat of the National Intelligence Organisation, General Directorate of Security and emergency needs are given priority in frequency allocations.

The amendments in Internet Law No. 5651 in 2020 introduced a requirement for social media companies to take necessary measures for storing user data within the borders of Turkey. ICTA has published the Principles and Procedures on Social Network Providers in this regard. On 14 October 2022, the Law on the Amendment of Press Law and Certain Laws, which includes changes and new regulations regarding media and internet journalism, was adopted in the General Assembly of the Grand National Assembly. Further, the 2022 amendments of the Electronic Commerce Law regulate online marketplaces heavily.

The general tendency of all these legal changes is increasing the responsibilities of social media platforms, online intermediaries and marketplaces to protect individual or commercial users of those websites. Further secondary regulations are expected to tail these responsibilities in detail.

Besides promoting deceptive content online, pro-regime trolls also sought to pre-emptively spread doubt about reliability of the election results, either to lay the groundwork for Erdoan to contest them in the case of an unfavorable result or to preempt claims by the opposition that the election had been stolen, or both. Tweets accusing the opposition of fraud or deception, or claiming that the doctored video was truthful in its allegations of opposition ties to militants, also achieved substantial engagement in the closing weeks of the campaign. They serve as a grim reminder that autocrats will amplify doubts about the accuracy of election results both to give themselves freedom of action to disregard unfavorable outcomes should they occur, and to suppress turnout and undermine faith in democracy generally to disregard unfavorable outcomes should they occur, and to suppress turnout and undermine faith in democracy generally. 17dc91bb1f