Turbo Dizel

The term turbo-diesel, also written as turbodiesel and turbo diesel, refers to any diesel engine equipped with a turbocharger. As with other engine types, turbocharging a diesel engine can significantly increase its efficiency and power output, especially when used in combination with an intercooler.[1]

Turbocharging of diesel engines began in the 1920s with large marine and stationary engines. Trucks became available with turbo-diesel engines in the mid-1950s, followed by passenger cars in the late 1970s. Since the 1990s, the compression ratio of turbo-diesel engines has been dropping.

Turbo Dizel

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The turbocharger was invented in the early 20th century by Alfred Bchi, a Swiss engineer and the head of diesel engine research at the Gebrder Sulzer engine manufacturing company. The turbocharger was originally intended to be used on diesel engines, since Bchi's patent of 1905 noted the efficiency improvements that a turbocharger could bring to diesel engines.[5][6][7] However, the first production turbocharged engines to be manufactured did not occur until 1925, 10-cylinder turbo-diesel marine engines used by the German passenger ships Preussen and Hansestadt Danzig.[8][9] The turbocharger increased the power output from 1,750 PS (1,287 kW) to 2,500 PS (1,839 kW).[10] In 1925, Bchi invented sequential turbocharging, which according to Helmut Pucher (2012) marks the beginning of modern turbocharging technology.[11]

By the late 1920s, several manufacturers were producing large turbo-diesels for marine and stationary use, such as Sulzer Bros., MAN, Daimler-Benz, and Paxman.[12][13] Subsequent improvements in technology made feasible the use of turbochargers on smaller engines that ran at higher engine speeds, so turbo-diesel locomotive engines began appearing in the late 1940s.[14][15] In 1951, MAN built the K6V 30/45 m.H.A., 1 MW prototype engine, which had, for its time, an exceptionally low fuel consumption of just 135.8 g/PSh (184.6 g/kWh), equivalent to an efficiency of 45.7 per cent.[16] This was possible because of the advanced turbocharger design, comprising a five-stage axial compressor combined with a nine-stage radial compressor and an intercooler.[17]

Use of turbo-diesel engines in road-going vehicles began with trucks in the early 1950s. The prototype MAN MK26 truck was unveiled in 1951,[18] followed by the production model MAN 750TL1 turbo-diesel in 1954.[19] The Volvo Titan Turbo truck was also introduced in 1954.[20] By the late 1960s, demand for increasingly powerful truck engines led to turbo-diesels being produced by Cummins, Detroit Diesel, Scania AB, and Caterpillar Inc.

In 1952, the Cummins Diesel Special became the first turbocharged car to compete at the Indianapolis 500 motor race and qualified on pole position.[21] The car was powered by a 6.6 L (403 cu in) inline-six engine producing 283 kW (380 hp).[22][23]

Research into smaller turbo-diesel engines for passenger cars was undertaken by several companies through the 1960s and 1970s. Rover built a prototype 2.5 L four-cylinder turbo-diesel in 1963,[citation needed] and Mercedes-Benz used a five-cylinder intercooled turbo-diesel engine in the 1976 Mercedes-Benz C111-IID experimental vehicle.[24]

The first turbo-diesel production car was the Mercedes-Benz 300SD (W116) saloon, which was sold in the United States from mid-1978 and powered by the OM617 five-cylinder engine.[25] A year later, the Peugeot 604 D Turbo became the first turbo-diesel car to be sold in Europe. Turbo-diesel cars began to be widely built and sold in Europe during the late 1980s and early 1990s, a trend that has continued to the present day.[26][27]

Improvements in power, fuel economy, and noise, vibration, and harshness in both small- and large-capacity turbodiesels over the last decade have spurred their widespread adoption in certain markets, notably in Europe where they (as of 2014) make up over 50% of new car registrations.[30][31] Turbodiesels are generally considered more flexible for automotive uses than naturally aspirated Diesel engines. Turbodiesels can be designed to have a more acceptable spread of torque over their speed range or, if being built for commercial use, can be designed to improve torque output at a given speed depending on the exact use. Naturally aspirated Diesels, almost without exception, have a lower power output than a petrol engine of the same capacity whilst the same time requiring stronger (and thus heavier) internal components such as the pistons and crankshaft to withstand the greater stresses of the Diesel engine's much higher compression ratio. These factors give naturally aspirated Diesels a poor power-to-weight ratio. Turbocharger units weigh very little but can offer significant power, torque, and efficiency improvements. Fitting a turbocharger can bring a Diesel engine's power-to-weight ratio up to the same level as an equivalent petrol unit, making turbodiesels desirable for automotive use, where manufacturers aim for comparable power outputs and handling qualities across their range, regardless of the type of power unit chosen.

Turbo dizel, basite turboarj ile donatlm bir sktrma atelemeli motor anlamna gelir. Dier motor trlerinde olduu gibi, bir dizel motora turboarj uygulamak, motorun g ve tork kn byk lde artrabilir.

Binek otomobillerde kullanm iin daha kk turbo dizel motorlara ynelik aratrmalar 1960 ve 1970'lerde birok irket tarafndan gerekletirildi. Rover 1963'te 2.5 litrelik drt silindirli turbo dizel motor prototipi retti. Mercedes-Benz, 1976 ylnda Mercedes-Benz C111-IID deney aracnda be silindirli ara soutmal turbo dizel motor kulland.[19]

Since the invention of internal combustion engines, obtaining more power from the same volume has been one of the emerging research topics. As one of the supercharging systems, the turbocharger aims to obtain more power from the engine by increasing the amount of air sent to the combustion chamber of the engine. The turbocharger assembly consists of two basic components, the turbine and the compressor. The turbocharger system uses the energy of combustion exhaust gases to compress the air entering the engine. Pressurized and compressed air is transmitted to the combustion chamber, so that denser air is sent to the same volume. In this study, engine performance values of a four-stroke, six-cylinder and water-cooled diesel engine, which is run with standard diesel fuel, were measured at different turboshaft speeds by adjusting the waste gate pressure. The effects of different turboshaft speeds on engine power, torque, peak fire pressures, brake specific fuel consumption, exhaust manifold temperature and emissions (Soot, NOx, CO and HC) at full load and engine speeds of 1000, 1500 and 1800 rpm were experimentally investigated. In the study, it was observed that increase in the turboshaft speed increased in the engine torque and power when the engine was at full load and 1500 rpm. As the turbocharger speed increased, the soot, CO and NOx emissions decreased and the HC emissions increased. Adjusting waste gate pressure to 2.6 bar when the engine is at full load and 1500 rpm has increased the exhaust manifold temperature excessively and the safe zone has been exceeded.