In computer networks, a tunneling protocol is a communication protocol which allows for the movement of data from one network to another. It involves allowing private network communications to be sent across a public network (such as the Internet) through a process called encapsulation.

The tunneling protocol works by using the data portion of a packet (the payload) to carry the packets that actually provide the service. Tunneling uses a layered protocol model such as those of the OSI or TCP/IP protocol suite, but usually violates the layering when using the payload to carry a service not normally provided by the network. Typically, the delivery protocol operates at an equal or higher level in the layered model than the payload protocol.


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Users can also use tunneling to "sneak through" a firewall, using a protocol that the firewall would normally block, but "wrapped" inside a protocol that the firewall does not block, such as HTTP. If the firewall policy does not specifically exclude this kind of "wrapping", this trick can function to get around the intended firewall policy (or any set of interlocked firewall policies).

Another HTTP-based tunneling method uses the HTTP CONNECT method/command. A client issues the HTTP CONNECT command to an HTTP proxy. The proxy then makes a TCP connection to a particular server:port, and relays data between that server:port and the client connection.[1] Because this creates a security hole, CONNECT-capable HTTP proxies commonly restrict access to the CONNECT method. The proxy allows connections only to specific ports, such as 443 for HTTPS.[2]

It is also possible to establish a connection using the data link layer. The Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP) allows the transmission of frames between two nodes. A tunnel is not encrypted by default: the TCP/IP protocol chosen determines the level of security.

SSH uses port 22 to enable data encryption of payloads being transmitted over a public network (such as the Internet) connection, thereby providing VPN functionality. IPsec has an end-to-end Transport Mode, but can also operate in a tunneling mode through a trusted security gateway.

A Secure Shell (SSH) tunnel consists of an encrypted tunnel created through an SSH protocol connection. Users may set up SSH tunnels to transfer unencrypted traffic over a network through an encrypted channel. It is a software-based approach to network security and the result is transparent encryption.[6]

For example, Microsoft Windows machines can share files using the Server Message Block (SMB) protocol, a non-encrypted protocol. If one were to mount a Microsoft Windows file-system remotely through the Internet, someone snooping on the connection could see transferred files. To mount the Windows file-system securely, one can establish a SSH tunnel that routes all SMB traffic to the remote fileserver through an encrypted channel. Even though the SMB protocol itself contains no encryption, the encrypted SSH channel through which it travels offers security.

Once an SSH connection has been established, the tunnel starts with SSH listening to a port on the .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} remote or local host. Any connections to it are forwarded to the specified address and port originating from the opposing (remote or local, as previously) host.

Tunneling a TCP-encapsulating payload (such as PPP) over a TCP-based connection (such as SSH's port forwarding) is known as "TCP-over-TCP", and doing so can induce a dramatic loss in transmission performance (a problem known as "TCP meltdown"),[7][8] which is why virtual private network software may instead use a protocol simpler than TCP for the tunnel connection. However, this is often not a problem when using OpenSSH's port forwarding, because many use cases do not entail TCP-over-TCP tunneling; the meltdown is avoided because the OpenSSH client processes the local, client-side TCP connection in order to get to the actual payload that is being sent, and then sends that payload directly through the tunnel's own TCP connection to the server side, where the OpenSSH server similarly "unwraps" the payload in order to "wrap" it up again for routing to its final destination.[9] Naturally, this wrapping and unwrapping also occurs in the reverse direction of the bidirectional tunnel.

Some SSH clients support dynamic port forwarding that allows the user to create a SOCKS 4/5 proxy. In this case users can configure their applications to use their local SOCKS proxy server. This gives more flexibility than creating an SSH tunnel to a single port as previously described. SOCKS can free the user from the limitations of connecting only to a predefined remote port and server. If an application does not support SOCKS, a proxifier can be used to redirect the application to the local SOCKS proxy server. Some proxifiers, such as Proxycap, support SSH directly, thus avoiding the need for an SSH client.

In recent versions of OpenSSH it is even allowed to create layer 2 or layer 3 tunnels if both ends have enabled such tunneling capabilities. This creates tun (layer 3, default) or tap (layer 2) virtual interfaces on both ends of the connection. This allows normal network management and routing to be used, and when used on routers, the traffic for an entire subnetwork can be tunneled. A pair of tap virtual interfaces function like an Ethernet cable connecting both ends of the connection and can join kernel bridges.

I have two SSL-VPN Portals on my Fortigate running FortiOS 6.4.11, a split one which should only push routes to destinations in the firewall policies, and a no-split tunnel over which all traffic should be routed. The intention is that on the split tunnel, internet access should be routed over a users own internet connection rather than the VPN.

The second one is a non-split tunnel which should route all traffic over the VPN. However, people wanted to have internet access on the split-vpn tunnel as well and therefore a firewall policy was created that allows all traffic coming from the sslvpn interfaces to the internet.

However, it appears that on the split tunnel internet access is routed over the SSLVPN as well. Is this caused by the above described firewall policy? And what is the best way to circumvent this as this is obviously not desirable?

I work for a small university with a main campus and a single, annex building which is off-site. I have configured a XGS 2100 with an IPsec tunnel between the locations, which is working great. The problem is that I have no internet traffic from my LAN at the annex building where the XGS is located.

I've created an SSL VPN and set the tunnel access as "Use as default gateway", created and assigned a group on the tunnel where user is included, and also created a rule VPN to WAN including tt specific user. Not sure why but he cannot access internet,

I got a wireless network at home that my laptop connects to to access the internet. I also got an IOT2000 board, which is basically a small PC running Linux. My Router does not have any ethernet ports so I cant use the second interface of my IOT2000 to connect to it, and the IOT does not have WiFi. Now I want to set it up so that the IOT can use my laptops internet connection.

I have a scenario with two sites which has two sets (HA) of firewalls, external and internal. So external handles everything internet and behind the internal the datacenter resides. Clients are in between.

You would normally have a dynamic routing protocol setup to allow traffic from one site to another via your MPLS network. Then you can easily use your default route to send traffic to the Internet firewall for your backup VPN tunnel.

Your routing becomes problematic in the design you are attempting with little benefit. In both scenarios you have your data passing over the Internet inside of an IPSec tunnel. In either method you will need to implement a dynamic routing protocol to have an automated method for path selection.

Also keep in mind that when you have the VPN tunnel on the Internal FW, you will need to setup dynamic routing from your core LAN switch to the FW. Otherwise the Firewall will always pass traffic between servers over the VPN tunnel and it won't use the MPLS.

I'm thinking if I terminate tunnel in the same zone as MPLS on the internal fw and use static route monitor it might work? I realize we could do this much more efficient but that will have to wait for switch refresh I think.

Upon the execution of the command, a sudo password prompt will appear and subsequently the password to SSH account. No other details will appear except for a short message and return to shell upon failure. For more status messages, run sshuttle in verbose mode with the -v flag. In this example all internet traffic except DNS is routed through the VPN. -r flag denotes the remote hostname and optional username and port that follows in the above example. 0/0 is short for 0.0.0.0/0 that represents the subnets to route over the VPN. The usage of 0/0 routes all the traffic except DNS requests to the remote server. DNS tunelling is possible with the usage of -H flag. Please read the man page (man sshuttle) for the details of options and modes under which sshuttle can run. For information about the concept and more examples, refer to the project page.

Everything was fine. I was connected to Raspberry Pi and I was able to access internet through it. Next, I opened another terminal window and tried to connect to Raspberry Pi via SSH. Please note, that you have to enable remote access via SSH on Raspberry Pi before you try to establish connection. When SSH is enabled, you can type the following command:

The second NAT statement tells the ASA to take the VPN client space in the outside interface, back out the outside interface, but to dynamically overload it to the outside interface IP. This is the actual NAT hairpin configuration that allows a VPN client to come in the outside and then leave back out towards the internet with the NAT overload. ff782bc1db

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